Hearing Oficers
in some states, ___________ conduct parole hearings and recommend decisions to the parole board.
Gabriel Tarde
_______, founder of the Neoclassical School of punishment says that nobody has complete free will because their behavior is influenced by gender, age, and social and economic factors.
Positive Contact
_____ is face to face contact between a parole officer and an offender.
Parole Officers
_____ are the line level employees responsible for supervising parolees in the community from the time of their release until they either successfully leave supervision or have their parole revoked.
Preventative Detention
_____ is detaining an accused person in jail to protect the community from crimes they are likely to commit if set free pending trial.
Sentencing goals
punishment, deterrence, incapacitation, rehabilitation and restitution are the five __________ for corrections.
Essays on Crime and Punishment
Cesare Beccaria wrote ______ whose three main ideas are 1) the purpose of punishment is prevention of crime 2) punishment should be certain and swift and 3)the emphasis should be on free will and hedonism.
Special caseloads
_____ are comprised of probationers with a specific type of problem, such as substance abuse, mental illness, or a history of sex offenders.
pretrial diversion
There are three main advantages of _____ are 1) it reduces the demands on the court, 2) it cost considerably less than criminal justice processing, and 3) offenders avoid the stigma associated with a criminal conviction.
intensive- supervision
______ caseloads are comprised of probationers with too high a risk or need to be on regular supervision, and were created as an alternative to sending these offenders to prison
incarceration rate
the number of people per 100,000 residents who are in jail or prison is the __________
net widening
_______is the overlapping of criminal sanctions and added supervision for community-placed offenders, rather than diversion from prison.
length of stay
the time that an inmate serves in a jail or prison is the ________
criminal sanctions
that involve community supervision of offenders, use correctional and program resources available in the community, and require offenders to abide by specified conditions to remain in the community are community corrections.
john augustus
______ was the Boston shoemaker who became the father of probation.
proving onself
the term probation is based on a Latin term that means "a period of______
probation supervision
the primary purpose of _____ is to maintain surveillance, enforce conditions of probation, and guide offenders into treatment to protect the public from further crimes.
Survelliance
The _______ style of supervising community offenders emphasizes monitoring and enforcing compliance with the rules of supervision and detecting violations leading to revocation and return to custody.
Regular
a _____ caseload comprises standard probationers who require no special program or supervision.
community classification
__________are risk assessments that predict the chance of an offender in the community committing new crimes and help to set the level of supervision the offender needs.
community corections
in the 1960's many alternative sanctions to incarceration were developed and the term _____ was initiated.
Casework
the _________ style of supervising community offenders places emphasis on assisting the offender with problems, counseling, and working to make sure the offender successfully completes supervision.
Medical
n the late 1960s, the _______ model, with its emphasis on rehabilitating offenders, was the prevailing corrections philosophy.
mission
a statement of an organizations major function and what it is to accomplish is a ____________
New penology
________ is an emphasis on the rational and efficient deployment of control strategies for managing and confining high-risk criminal populations.
President Reagan
The war on drugs began as an initiative by _________ to reduce the availability of and dependence on illicit drugs through interdiction, criminal sanctions, and treatment.
Justice Department
The Federal Bureau of Prisons is the agency within the___________ that is charged with housing and managing federal offenders.
prisoner reentry
the process by which an inmate leaves prison and returns to the community is__________
Federal, state and local
the 3 governmental levels of correctional systems are _______
classical school
the founder of the ____ of punishment was Cesare Beccaria
police, courts and corrections
the 3 major components of the criminal justice system are the ________
Jeremy Bentham
A member of the Classical School, __________ created a concept referring to a person's motivation to seek pleasure and avoid pain called hedonistic calculus.
Corrections
_____ has been described as a non-system with no coordination or shared mission by any of its components.
nothing works
fueled by the idea that "_________" the retributive era called for a need to be tough on criminals.
concurrently and consecutively
Criminal codes allow aggregate sentencing at the complete discretion of judges; thus, sentences are served in two ways: _______ and _______
Pre-trial Intervention
in SC, the diversion from the criminal justice system is called _________
Born; predetermined
the main idea of atavism is that criminals are _____ and their behavior is ________
security levels
_____ are institutional classifications such as minimum, low, medium, high or administrative.
Security classification
A system for matching offenders to institutions with the security and staff resources to prevent escapes and control their behavior is __________
Private prison
Any secure correctional facility operated by other than a governmental agency and usually in a "for profit" manner is a(n) ________
Alexander Maconochie
The superintendent of the British penal colony on Norfolk Island who created a system of marks for good behavior that could lead to a graduated release from prison was ___________
mark
the _____ system was a system of credits against a sentence that allowed inmates to be released once they earned the required number through work and good behavior.
Elmira Reformatory
opened in 1876 the first reformatory in the US was the ______
justice
the ____ model is a sentencing model proposing determinate sentences with the abolition of parole.
Parole Guidelines
________ are similar to sentencing guidelines and use predictive factors to determine offenders' risk to the community and chance for success.
presumptive parole date
the _______ is the date on which the inmate can expect to be released on parole.
objective classification systems
statistical approaches to considering the risk of escape and violence by inmates are ________
personal recognizance
a release on a personal promise to return without a bond is ______
services and functions
corrections has been described as a system of fully integrated ________
bail
______ is the pledge of money or property in exchange for promise to return to further court proceedings.
Summons
A ______, used mainly with misdemeanors, is a legal order for an individual to appear at a future proceeding.
transportations
______ used in the 17th and 18th century England, removed offenders from society.
Sentencing
simply stated, ______ is the imposition of a criminal sanction by a judicial authority
Pretrial diversion
____________is the suspension of criminal process while the offender is provided a chance to participate in treatment programs.
corrections
________ is the range of community and institutional sanctions, treatment programs, and services for managing offenders.
punishment
known as the study of ______ penology was used until the 1950s when referring to corrections.
surety bond
a _____ is an executed bond with an actual deposit of cash or posting of bail bond.
Mission of corrections
part of the ________ is to protect society by surveillance and control, treatment and rehabilitation and incapacitation of offenders.
state penal code
Correctional agencies carry out the sentence of the court after an offender is arrested, found guilty, and sentenced under the _____________
hedonistic calculus
the central concept of the --_______ says to prevent crime, punishments should outweigh pleasure derived from the criminal act.
human evolution
atavism refers to the existence of features common in early stages of ______________
general and special
there are 2 types of parole conditions______ and _________
Mempa v. Rhay
Which Supreme Court decision granted probationers the right to legal counsel during the revocation hearing? a) United States v. Birnbaum
b) Mempa v. Rhay
c) Gagnon v. Scarpelli
d) Morrissey v. Brewer
Gagnon v. Scarpelli
In 1973, this Supreme Court decision created the due process requirements for revoking probation.
a) Mempa v. Rhay
b) Bell v. Wolfish
c) Gagnon v. Scarpelli
d) United States v. Birnbaum
parole
Which is not a sentencing option?
a) capital punishment
b) community service
c) parole
d) probation
Rhodes b. Chapman
This 1981 Supreme Court decision set forth that housing two inmates in a cell designed for one did not violate the Eighth Amendment's protection from cruel and unusual punishment.
a) Brucino v. Carlson
b) Rhodes v. Chapman
c) Bell v. Wolfish
d) Morrissey v. Brewer
positive school
What is the belief that criminals do not have complete choice over their criminal actions and may commit acts that are beyond their control?
a) the Neoclassical School
b) the Positive School
c) the hedonistic calculus
d) the Classical School
it increases a defendant's appearances before the court
Which is not an advantage of a diversionary treatment program?
a) They cost considerably less than criminal justice processing.
b) They reduce the demands on the court and prosecutors to process the case as a criminal activity.
c) Offenders avoid the stigma associated with a criminal conviction.
d) It increases a defendant's appearances before the court.
Neoclassical School
Which school recognized that there was much ground between total free will and determinism?
a) Chicago School
b) Enlightenment School
c) Criminological Theory School
d) Neoclassical School
Rehabilitative
Community corrections gained prominence as an adaptation of which era of corrections?
a) Recidivist
b) Retributive
c) Rehabilitative
d) Reintegrative
a) Sentencing guidelines provide uniformity, ensuring that similar crimes merit similar sentences.
What is a reason that states have adopted sentencing guidelines?
a) Sentencing guidelines provide uniformity, ensuring that similar crimes merit similar sentences.
b) Judges weren't providing written explanations for their decisions.
c) It was believed that judges were too harsh on offenders.
d) all of the above
Bell V. Wolfish
n the 1979 Supreme Court case________________, the punitive intent standard was adopted for considering violations of the Eighth Amendment regarding jail operations.
a) Morrissey v. Brewer
b) Bell v. Wolfish
c) Gagnon v. Scarpelli
d) Graham v. Conner
the three penitentiary act
The 1891 act of Congress that authorized the construction of the first three federal prisons is the _____.
a) The Sentencing Reform Act
b) The Volstead Act
c) The Three Penitentiary Act
d) The Stamp Act
sentencing reform act
The _________abolished parole, established determinate sentencing, and reduced the amount of good time for federal offenders.
a) Sentencing Reform Act
b) Three Penitentiary Act
c) The Stamp Act
d) The Volstead Act
gagnon v. Scarpelli
in1973, the U.S. Supreme Court decided _____________, creating due process rights for probationers during violation proceedings.
a) Bell v. Wolfish
b) Morrissey v. Brewer
c) Gagnon v. Scarpelli
d) Graham v. Conner
US v. Salerno
In 1987, ________ upheld the right of the government "to confine an offender on a presumption that he or she is dangerous", without violating the due process rights of the accused.
a) Brucino v. Carlson
b) Bell v. Wolfish
c) Morrissey v. Brewer
d) U.S. v. Salerno
Bearden v. Georgia
In __________________, the court established that probation cannot be revoked if offender only fails to pay restitution.
a) Brucino v. Carlson
b) Bearden v. Georgia
c) Bell v. Wolfish
d) Morrissey v. Brewer
Volstead Act
The growth of the federal prison population has resulted from the federal government's authority to prosecute new crimes that were difficult for local jurisdictions to handle. Which act is a good example of the creation of these new crimes?
a) The Sentencing Reform Act
b) The Volstead Act
c) The Three Penitentiary Act
d) The Stamp Act
8th
Which constitutional amendment refers to "cruel and unusual punishment?"
a) Fifth
b) Fourth
c) Eighth
d) Sixth
the rise in the number of plea- bargins
Which is not a factor that has been cited in support of intermediate sanctions?
a) unhappiness with regular probation supervision
b) tightening of state budgets
c) an increase in prison overcrowding
d) the rise in the number of plea-bargains
working with other inmates
The original features of the Pennsylvania system included all but which of the following?
a) separation
b) silence
c) reformation of inmates
d) working with other inmates
casework style
This style of supervising community offenders emphasizes assisting the offender with problems, providing counseling, and ensuring that the offender successfully completes supervision.
a) Casework style
b) surveillance style
c) regular style
d) intensive-supervision style
Auburn System
This system was known as the "congregate and silent" system.
a) Pennsylvania system
b) Auburn system
c) fee system
d) Irish system
Reformatory Era
This correctional era advocated an environment that emphasized reformation, education, and vocational programs, and focused offenders' attention on the future.
a) Industrial Prison Era
b) Retributive Era
c) Rehabilitative Era
d) Reformatory Era
Irish system
The stages of this system were solitary confinement, special prison, open institutions, and ticket of leave.
a) Auburn system
b) Pennsylvania system
c) Irish system
d) none of the above
penal code
What is a legislative authorization to provide a specific range of punishment for a specific crime?
a) punishment
b) penal code
c) correctional system
d) law
reintegrative
Which era of corrections developed with the distinct provision that the community be an essential part of the correctional process?
a) Retributive
b) Reintegrative
c) Institutional
d) Rehabilitative
concurrent sentences
These are sentences that run at the same time.
a) determinate sentences
b) indeterminate sentences
c) consecutive sentences
d) concurrent sentences
Bearden v. Georgia
Which Supreme Court case allowed an exception to parole violations by holding that failure to make restitution payments due to unemployment is not sufficient reason to revoke probation?
a) Gagnon v. Scarpelli
b) Bell v. Wolfish
c) Bearden v. Georgia
d) United States v. Birnbaum
Indeterminate sentences
These are sentences in which a release authority determines the actual time served with a range of minimum and maximum times to be served.
a) consecutive sentences
b) concurrent sentences
c) indeterminate sentences
d) determinate sentences
a) They provide a guide for giving inmates proper substance abuse counseling.
hich is not one of the three most important reasons for effective jail classification systems?
a) They provide a guide for giving inmates proper substance abuse counseling.
b) They provide a guide for identifying inmates with a high risk of escape.
c) They provide a guide for separating violent, predatory inmates from potential inmate victims.
d) They provide a guide for identifying and managing inmates with special emotional or mental needs.
3 times as many
About how many more jails are there in the United States than prisons?
a) just as many
b) three times as many
c) twice as many
d) five times as many
8th
Which constitutional amendment states that excessive bail may not be required?
a) Fourteenth
b) Eighth
c) First
d) Fourth
reasons for leniency
In presumptive sentencing, what do mitigating circumstances indicate to a judge?
a) that the felon is a third-time offender
b) reasons to increase punishment
c) that capital punishment is appropriate
d) reasons for leniency
the staff
Which is the most important element in the operations and policies of all correctional facilities?
a) the facility itself
b) the services provided
c) physical security
d) the staff
judicial form of sentencing
In this sentencing model, judges have primary discretion in creating the sentence.
a) mandatory minimum sentencing
b) administrative form of sentencing
c) judicial form of sentencing
d) legislative form of sentencing
suicide
What is the greatest cause of death among jail inmates other than illness or natural causes?
a) homicide
b) suicide
c) drugs
d) AIDS
preventative detention
Which is not an alternative to bail?
a) personal recognizance
b) preventive detention
c) collateral
d) third-party custody
direct supervision
Most new jails are constructed and managed using which concept?
a) second-generation
b) first-generation
c) direct supervision
d) none of the above
US v. Birnbaum
In which case did the Supreme Court determine that probation is a privilege and not a right?
a) Mempa v. Rhay
b) Gagnon v. Scarpelli
c) Morrissey v. Brewer
d) United States v. Birnbaum
over classification
_________is the placement of offenders in prisons more secure than needed for their level of risk.
work release
The alternative to Prison for Women used by most states is __________, in which inmates either leave the prison during the day and go into the community and work, or are moved to community residential centers (halfway houses) to find jobs and work in the community.
Juvenile justice system
the ___________ was not created until Illinois passed the Juvenile Court Act, and the first juvenile court was established in Cook County (Chicago) in 1899.
parens patriae
Established in 1601, _________ is the concept that allows officials to take charge of delinquent children and place them in poorhouses and orphanages.
dependent children
_______ are children who, while committing no legal offense, may be without a parent or guardian, possibly because the parent is mentally unable to act in that capacity.
racial disparity
_________ is the condition that exists when minorities make up a greater percentage of those under correctional supervision than in the U.S. population.
Law enforcement effots
_________ are always more intense in urban areas with high crime rates and high drug use. (I spoke specifically of this when discussing the 'Myth' of Clemson Pride and the 'discrimination' of the sunshine because of higher rates of deadly melanoma on the back)
male offenders
_______ is the term used for men who are convicted and sentenced
violent crimes
males represent over 80% of arrests for _______
prison systems
________ are predominantly planned and administered around the management of male inmates
general population
_______ is the term used to refer to inmates in a prison with no specific designation as a special type of offender.
security levles
________ of prisons are designed to match physical security, staff resources, programs, and prison operations.
security levels
the overall goal of ________ is to maintain homogeneity of inmates by risk of violence and escape and ensure they are placed in prisons physically designed to meet this need.
60
percent of women in prison have children under 18
neglected chldren
_________ are children who have a family or guardian but are not receiving proper care, or are in a situation that is harmful to them and their upbringing.
delinquent children
_________ are children who have committed an act that would be considered criminal if committed by an adult.
juvenile detention
________ is the temporary care of children in physically restricted facilities pending court disposition or transfer to another jurisdiction or agency.
intake
____________is the stage conducted by juvenile probation department to determine if sufficient evidence exists to formally process an allegation
consent decree
_______ is an informal and admits to wrongdoing and follows certain conditions
Barefield v. Leach
According to the 1974 federal court decision _____________, a disparity of programs for female inmates could not be justified because the smaller number of female inmates made it more costly to provide program parity.
pargo v. Elliott
The 1995 case of __________ determined that differences in programs between men's and women's prisons do not necessarily violate the Constitution's equal protection clause.
butler v. reno
In ________ female federal inmates claimed gender discrimination due to denial of access to facilities, programs, and services available to similarly situated male federal inmates.
status offense
a _________ is an activity that is considered a crime only because the offender is under age 18 and that would not be a crime if committed by an adult.
refuge period
The period from 1824 to 1899 when delinquent or neglected children were placed in homes for training and discipline is the _____________
parens patriae
the doctrine of ____________ is the basis for the juvenile court and correctional systems to take responsibility for juvenile delinquents.
superpredator
the term _________ was coined to describe a generation of juveniles who practiced nearly indiscriminate violence on the streets.
mandatory
The direct assignment of specific offenses committed by juveniles to be handled in the adult courts is _______
discretionary
______________ waivers are when juvenile courts decide on a case-by-case basis whether the court will waive the processing of the juvenile to adult court.
age of original jurisdiction
The upper or oldest age at which a juvenile court has jurisdiction over offenders is the ________________
Concurrent
A youth who is under the original jurisdiction of both the juvenile and criminal courts is under _______________ jurisdiction
consent decree
a __________ is sometimes referred to as informal probation
delinquency petition
a statement of the delinquent acts a juvenile is alleged to have committed is a ____________
aftercare
______________ is the supervision of a juvenile in the community after he or she has served time in a juvenile correctional institution.
straight adult
_______________ incarceration is incarceration which places juveniles in adult prisons, with no separate housing or differentiation in programming or job assignment.
graduated incarceration
__________ is used in twelve states and initially places inmates under the age of 18 in juvenile facilities.
segregated incarceration
is used in 8 states and is where inmates under age eighteen are constantly separated from adults, even though housed in the same facility.
general theory of dviance
the ___________ suggests that those who commit one deviant act like substance abuse are likely to commit another such as other criminal behaviors.
special offenders
_________ are those whose circumstances, conditions, or behaviors require management or treatment outside of the normal approach to supervision.
waiver, direct file, statuary exclusion
three ways juveniles can be transferred
all of the abole
Which circumstance requires correctional officials to create special methods of managing, handling, or treating certain offenders?
a) mental disorder
b) infectious disease
c) age
d) all of the above
Kent v. US
In which case did the Supreme Court set forth that juveniles must have "the essentials of due process"?
a) In re Gault
b) Kent v. United States
c) Breed v. Jones
d) In re Winship
Indefinitely
As long as the purpose of confinement is to treat the sex offender, how long may a state commit an offender to an institution?
a) six months
b) two years
c) indefinitely
d) three months
In re Gault
In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that in hearings in which juveniles may be committed to an institution, they have the right to counsel, to notice of the charges against them, to question witnesses, and to protection against self-incrimination.
a) McKeiver v. Pennsylvania
b) In re Winship
c) Kent v. United States
d) In re Gault
control and treatment
What dual problem do mentally ill inmates represent in jails and prisons?
a) clothing and visitation
b) control and treatment
c) programs and parole
d) housing and feeding
In re Winship
In this case, the Supreme Court determined that a finding of guilt for juveniles had to meet the standard of beyond a reasonable doubt.
a) In re Winship
b) McKeiver v. Pennsylvania
c) Breed v. Jones
d) Schall v. Martin
recidivate
What are mentally ill inmates more likely than other types of offenders to do?
a) use illicit drugs
b) recidivate
c) rehabilitate
d) all of the above
Schall v. Martin
In this case, the Supreme Court upheld the use of preventive detention pending trial for juveniles.
a) Schall v. Martin
b) Breed v. Jones
c) In re Gault
d) In re Winship
all of the above
Why is the prison population getting older?
a) New sentencing models remove judges' discretion to consider age.
b) The U.S. population is aging.
c) Prison sentences are longer than they used to be.
d) all of the above
30-35
Historically, what was the average age of a prison inmate?
a) 45-50
b) 50-55
c) 30-35
d) 18-23
All of the above
What aspects of prisons are designed without consideration for older inmates?
a) architecture
b) types of housing
c) recreation facilities
d) all of the above
1) Administration Functions
2) Human Resource Functions
3) Community Supervision Functions
4) Field Operations Functions
the main functions of the office of the director of a state department of corrections are:
pseudofamilies
family organizations formed by female inmates who take the roles of parents and children and other relatives are called
closed systems
_________ are prison systems that consist of only the internal environment, under the direct control of the warden, and without much interest or any interference from external groups.
open systems
Prison systems that have frequent interactions between the organization and other groups to obtain resources, gain support, and accomplish goals are ___________
chain of command
_____ is the vertical hierarchy in an organization
empowerment
through ________ staff do not just receive orders continuously from their supervisors, and can make decisions and perform duties consistent with policy when they must act independently.
transactional leaders
__________ are traditional authorities within an organization who were involved in exchange relationships between leaders and followers, and provided answers and direction for all issues that confronted the agency.
transformational leader
Leaders who exercise leadership based on principles, while motivating staff to jointly address challenges and find solutions to new problems are ___________
organizational structure
The values, beliefs, and behaviors that form the way of life within an organization is the
correctional officer
the ___________ is the staff person in a prison or jail who accomplishes the institution's mission by maintaining control and order within the institution.
uniformed staff
Prison or jail staff who work in the security or custody department and are responsible for the implementation of security policies and procedures are ______________
professional staff
Prison or jail staff in a specialty area who require distinctive training and education and may also require a professional certification are called ____________
gang validation process
the __________ is used to confirm an individual's gang involvement level
management culture
A culture based on the way prison leadership deals and communicates with subordinate staff and that has a continuum between autocratic and empowered is a(n) ____________
relationship culture
A _______ is based on how staff view and communicate with inmates and has a continuum between authoritarian and reasoned.
Dothard v. Rawlinson
In _________ the Supreme Court ruled that a BFOQ against female correctional officers was allowable because of the deplorable conditions of the particular prison and the presence of predatory male sex offenders.
prison culture
is a unique set of values, traditions, roles, expectations, language, and customs in a prison.
Treatment
The rehabilitative functions in a prison, including counseling, religious services, substance abuse programs, and education are called ___________
services
________ are the functions required to operate a prison, such as budget and finance, human resources, and work programs.
Unit management
_________ is organizing a prison into smaller components by decentralizing the authority to manage the inmate population, while making staff more accessible to inmates.
policy audit
A _________ is a review to determine whether broad agency policy is in place at a prison.
Policy implementation audit
A _____________ is a review to identify whether procedures prescribed by policy are consistently being carried out by staff in their daily duties.
internal classification systems
Instruments used to assign inmates to housing or programs after they are placed in a particular prison are ______________
inmate discimplinary
the process required to find that an inmate committed a prohibited act is the _______________ system
administrative appeals
An informal process for inmates to appeal a disciplinary sanction or to seek remedy of any injustice they feel they have received from correctional officials is called the ___________ process
collective bargaining
The formal recognition of employee organizations and their right to negotiate with management regarding workplace issues is ___________
total institution
the __________ is Goffman's concept of a setting isolating people from society and unnecessarily manipulating them through the actions of the administrative staff.
Inmate code
The expected rules and behaviors represented by the model prisoner that reflect the values and norms of prison society is the _____________
prisonization
__________is the process whereby inmates take on the folkways, mores, customs, and general culture of the penitentiary.
convicts
the term ________ describes long-term inmates who become used to the prison society and find a way to live in that environment with a minimal amount of problems and disruptions.
thieves
_________ are inmates who have adopted a career of crime and are doing their prison time until they can get out and hit the "big score.
square johns
Inmates who are usually first-time offenders and have more identification with straight society and the norms of non-criminals are ___________
interpersonal violence
_________ occurs between two or more individual inmates, with the reason being a personal issue between the individuals.
collective violence
_________ occurs between and initiated by groups of inmates and includes prison riots and disturbances.
prison gangs
Groups that form in prison and use the threat of violence to intimidate other inmates, control drug sales, and gain power are called ___________
debrief
________is when a gang member informs correctional officials about gang operations and membership
gang intelligence officers
_________ collect intelligence and advise administrators regarding strategies to manage and contain prison gang activity.
family visiting
conjugal visiting is sometimes referred to as "____________
cottage style archietecture
the _________ style of prison design used for early women's prisons had several small housing units, including kitchens, living rooms, and sometimes nurseries.
Prison Rape Elimination Act
This requires the collection of the incidence and prevalence of sexual assault within correctional facilities and development of national standards for the reduction of sexual violence in prison.
A) Prison Rape Elimination Act
B) Prison Litigation Reform Act
C) Institutional Abuse Reduction Act
D) none of the above
They are more likely to have a substance abuse problem
Which is most true of gang members in prisons?
A. They are more likely to have a substance abuse problem.
B. They participate in more prison programs.
C. They have a less extensive history of crime than non-gang members.
D. They behave relatively well in prison.
Inmates import the culture into the prison from the outside world.
What is a theory of how inmate culture becomes a part of prison life?
A. Inmates import the culture into the prison from the outside world.
B. The culture is dictated by law.
C. The staff creates the culture artificially.
D. There is no real inmate culture.
random drug testing
This is considered a good deterrent to and source of data about prisoner drug use.
A. research studies
B. random drug testing
C. debriefing
D. inmate interviews
Bona fide occupational qualification
What does BFOQ stand for?
A. best for outside qualification
B. bona fide occupational qualification
C. bona fide orderly quarter
D. none of the above
Gunther v. Iowa
The court found in this 1979 case that inmate privacy was not a valid reason to refuse to hire women as correctional officers.
A. Morrissey v. Brewer
B. Mempa v. Rhay
C. Dothard v. Rawlinson
D. Gunther v. Iowa
Authoritarian
At what point in the staff-inmate culture continuum does staff demand compliance from inmates through threats and intimidation?
A. reasoned
B. authoritarian
C. empowered
D. moderate
American Correctional Association
What is the largest professional organization for corrections in the United States?
A. Correctional Peace Officers Foundation
B. American Jail Association
C. National Correctional Industries Association
D. American Correctional Association
all of the above
How do prison classification systems help to control inmate behavior?
A. by motivating good behavior among inmates
B. by determining the appropriate security level for an inmate
C. by determining the most suitable housing assignment for each inmate
D. all of the above
Integrity interview
What kind of application process is used to determine whether correctional job candidates have issues that could put them in a compromising situation or make them more likely to accept a bribe?
A. policy audit
B. integrity interview
C. general interview
D. internal classification system
all of the above
To reduce the number of sexual assaults in prisons, which measures may staff use?
A. Advising inmates at reception about sexual assault and the option of being separated from aggressors
B. Investigating allegations of sexual pressure or assault and separating inmates as a precautionary measure
C. Watching for signs of aggression and questioning potential targets about such pressure.
D. all of the above
inmate accountability
____________ the staff's ability to locate and identify inmates at any point in time
controlled movement, call out, prison pass system
Inmates move throughout the prison during the day and evening in three primary ways:
direct supervision
________ is supervision by assigned staff supervisors, who directly see and watch inmates and their activities.
Casual supervision
__________ is supervision by staff that are not responsible for the inmate, but still have the opportunity to see their movements or activities.
contraband
______ is defined simply as any item that inmates are not allowed to possess
special housing unit
a _______ is a temporary housing assignment for inmates that present a danger to the security of the prison, need protection from other inmates, or are being punished for violating prison rules.
administrative detentions
_________ is a non-punitive confinement used to house inmates whose continued presence in the general population may pose a serious threat to life, property, self, staff, or other inmates, or to the security or orderly running of the institution.
disciplinary segregation
________ is a status of punishment after a finding of guilt for a serious prison rule violation.
1. Educational and Vocational Programs 2. Mental Health Programs
3. Substance Abuse Programs
4. Prison Work Programs
5. Religious Programs
6. Recreation Programs
There are six main types of Programs that are available for inmates of prisons:
slave of the state
n 1871, with the decision in Ruffin v. the Commonwealth of Virginia, the Court enunciated the ____________ doctrine and thus created what became known as the "hands-off" doctrine.
Holt v. Sarver
in 1970, ________ found that if people of reasonable sensitivity found the treatment shocking or disgusting, it would also be considered cruel and unusual.
americans with disabilities
the ___________ Act prohibits any entity from discriminating against an individual with a disability in regards to employment, public services and transportation, public accommodations, and telecommunications services.
totality of conditions
Regarding Conditions of Confinement, courts use the __________ test to determine if the overall conditions within a prison are such as to be cruel and unusual.
Conditions of Confinement
Religious Freedom
Medical Care
First Amendment Rights-(speech, mail, press)
Access to the Courts
Fourth Amendment Rights-(search & seizure privacy)
Inmate Discipline
There are certain specific rights that have been identified by the courts and dealt with by correctional facilities:
Proportionality
In Solem v. Helm, the Court in 1983 developed the test of ________ by saying "...as a matter of principle ...a criminal sentence must be proportionate to the crime....
community standards
In 1991 in Fernandez v. United States, the court established the principle of "____________," in that medical care in prisons must be "reasonably commensurate with modern medical science and of a quality acceptable within prudent professional standards.
Prison Litigation REform
1996, Congress passed the __________, requiring inmates filing prison suits to pay a filing fee, limiting awards of attorney fees, punishing inmates with loss of good time for filing frivolous suits, and prohibiting inmates from suing for mental or emotional distress unless they have suffered a physical injury.
True
The courts have clearly ruled that inmates do NOT have an expectation of privacy while in prison.
falso
In 2004, in Harper v. Simmons, the court forbade the imposition of the death penalty on offenders who are under the age of 18 when they committed their crimes.
true
In 1980, Congress revised the Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons Act, requiring inmates to exhaust their administrative remedies before filing a petition in federal court.
true
In the Violent Crime Control Act of 1994, Congress specified that federal courts could only find a violation of the Eighth Amendment if the inmate filing the suit demonstrates he or she has personally suffered from overcrowding conditions.
maintaining secrecy between inmates and staff, among staff, and between line and supervisory personnel
Which is not a preventive action that prison administrators can take to reduce inmate unrest?
a) maintaining secrecy between inmates and staff, among staff, and between line and supervisory personnel
b) performing security audits to discover security deficiencies
c) developing sensitivity to changes in inmate actions or the institution atmosphere
d) consistently enforcing rules and regulations
All of the above
Which is a way that inmates come into possession of contraband items?
a) receiving prohibited items that visitors bring into the prison
b) receiving prohibited items from unethical or na�ve staff
c) receiving prohibited items hidden in mail or packages
d) all of the above
regular count
What is the scheduled counting of inmates in their housing units to ensure that they are in the prison and have not escaped?
a) stand-up count
b) random count
c) census count
d) regular count
census count
This less formal count is conducted at program and work assignments by the staff responsible for supervising inmates.
a) census count
b) stand-up count
c) random count
d) regular count
random count
This count is done at any time, freezing inmates wherever they are.
a) census count
b) stand-up count
c) random count
d) regular count
treatment
This is the creation of an environment and provision of rehabilitative programs that encourages inmates to accept responsibility and to address personal disorders.
a) control
b) treatment
c) custody
d) rehabilitation
free and unrestricted inmate movement
Which does not contribute to the security and custody functions within a prison?
a) free and unrestricted inmate movement
b) inmate classification systems
c) an inmate disciplinary system
d) physical security
none of the above
Which is a key component of inmate accountability policies and procedures?
a) There is exactly one count per day of inmates.
b) Staff provide only direct inmate supervision.
c) Most inmates are assigned to unsupervised work.
d) none of the above
Atkins v. Virginia
In this 2002 case, the Supreme Court determined that executions of mentally retarded criminals were "cruel and unusual" punishment.
a) Penry v. Lynaugh
b) Atkins v. Virginia
c) Sanford v. Kentucky
d) Ford v. Wainwright
that offenders who were under 18 when their crimes were committed cannot be executed
What did the Supreme Court decide in Roper v. Simmons?
a) that the mentally ill cannot be executed
b) that offenders who were under 18 when their crimes were committed cannot be executed until they are 21 years of age
c) that offenders who were under 18 when their crimes were committed cannot be executed
d) that the mentally ill cannot be executed unless they are on medication
the potential for error
What is a common concern regarding continuing the death penalty?
a) cost
b) the potential for error
c) incapacitation
d) retribution
Kennedy v. Louisiana
In this case, the U.S. Supreme Court found that a state statute allowing capital punishment for persons convicted of raping a child violated the Eighth Amendment.
a) Kennedy v. Louisiana
b) Bell v. Wolfish
c) Ford v. Wainwright
d) Penry v. Lynaugh
During sentencing, the jury will hear only evidence regarding the crime's aggravating circumstances.
Which is not an element of a state's death penalty that must exist in order to be constitutional, according to the Supreme Court's decision in Gregg v. Georgia?
a) Appeal and review of a death sentence is automatic.
b) The death penalty can be considered only for specific and the most serious crimes.
c) The trial must have a stage to determine guilt and a stage to consider the sentence.
d) During sentencing, the jury will hear only evidence regarding the crime's aggravating circumstances.
estelle v. gamble
In this 1976 case, the Supreme Court determined that prison officials have a duty to provide medical treatment to inmates since inmates are dependent on them to provide for their medical needs.
a) Ramos v. Lamm
b) Estelle v. Gamble
c) Holt v. Sarver
d) Fernandez v. United States
4th
Which constitutional amendment is most related to the necessity of prison officials' control over the importation of dangerous contraband?
a) Fourteenth
b) First
c) Fourth
d) Eighth
wolff v. McDonnel
In this 1974 case, the Supreme Court set forth that inmates had some due process rights when facing a prison disciplinary hearing.
a) Grummet v. Rushen
b) Bell v. Wolfish
c) Morrissey v. Brewer
d) Wolff v. McDonnell
all of the above
What has led to a reduction in the number of inmate lawsuits?
a) The courts have moved back toward the hands-off doctrine.
b) Congress has made it more difficult for inmates to file successful suits against correctional agencies.
c) More Supreme Court decisions appear to support prison administrators.
d) all of the above
all of the above
Why did the Supreme Court believe it good policy to continue the hands-off approach?
a) the court's lack of expertise in corrections and deference to the judgment of prison administrators
b) a concern that accepting prisoner rights cases would encourage further litigation
c) the need for separation of powers between the judicial and the executive branches of government
d) all of the above