Incarceration rate quadrupled in past 25 years, while U.S. crime rate...
Declined for 2 decades
approximately_ incarcerated in U.S.
2.3 million
approximately_ under correctional supervision in the community. (Parole and probation)
5 million
___ under correctional supervision.
over 7 million
Oldest operating prison in America
New Jersey's state prison in Trenton. "Big House
-popularized in movies
-what most Americans believe prison to be
-walled prison w/ large tiered cell blocks, a yard, a shop, & industries.
Big House
Today the focus of corrections is
crime control
The primary emphasis of corrections is
incarceration
institutions that emphasizes security, discipline, and order.
custodial model
~incapacitation
~deterrence
~retribution
custodial model (Most prisons today)
correctional institutions that emphasizes the provision of treatment programs designed to reform the offender.
rehabilitation model
institutions that emphasizes maintenance of the offender's ties to family and the community as a method of reform, in recognition of the fact that the offender will be returning to the community.
reintegration model
largest % of state prisons located in the
south
BOP
Bureau of Prisons
drug offense convictions make up over
1/2 of federal inmate population.
approximately __ of pretrial detainees are housed in state or local facilities on a contractual basis.
44257
____ service responsible for placing these prisoners.
U.S. Marshalls
___ tend to be white, male, and convicted of drug offenses.
Federal prisoners
Most prisoners are in
state institutions
almost _ of state facilities are in the South.
44228
Majority of prisoners are:
men, members of a minority, and convicted of violent crimes.
Currently, the largest racial\ethnic group in state-level U.S. prisons is...
African-American
Today's prisons differ greatly in terms of
design & operation
Designs greatly influenced by
cost of construction & maintenance.
Prisons in the early 1800's followed the _______ _______ of Pennsylvania's Eastern Penitentiary.
Radial design
____ _____ mainly used for maximum- security prisons.
Telephone-pole design
some new facilities, including maximum-security prisons, are built in
courtyard style
Long used for juvenile& women's correctional facilities , the ____ ____ has been used for some new institutions for men.
campus style
most adult prisons located in...
rural areas
Reformers believed that offenders needed to be _____ from urban distractions and criminal peers.
isolated
Maximum-security prison
38% of all sate inmates
Medium-security prison
43% of state inmates
minimum-security prison
14% of state inmates
____ & the federal gov operate prisons that exceed maximum security, called...
40 states
"super-max" prisons
expanded in recent decades
private prisons
... dominates the private prison business
CCA
... the incarceration rate in the U.S. remained fairly stable.
From 1930-1980
~ increased arrests & more likely to incarceration
~ tougher sentencing
~ prison construction
~ war on drugs
~ state & local politics
explaining prison population trends
Incarceration of more offenders for...
longer periods of time
Researches now recognize that size of prison population is not driven by amount of crime:
it is driven by public policy.
strategy of doing nothing to relieve crowding in prisons, under the assumption that the problem is temporary & will disappear in time.
null strategy
entails building more prisons to meet the rising to meet the rising demand for prison space
construction strategy
reserve prison space for violent offenders
intermediate sanctions
~parole
~work release
~good time
backdoor strategies
~incarceration not warranted
~unintended consequences
opponents
supporters claim decline in crime rate over past decade as indication that _________ _________ has worked.
mass indication
most inmates commit
serious crimes