Corrections Exam 1

More than 3%

When all forms of correctional supervision are taken into account, what percent of all adults in the United States are under some form of correctional control?

2.3 million

Counting jails and prisons, approximately how many citizens are incarcerated?

6

One out of ___ African American children have a parent who has been to prison.

Feedback

Systems learn, grow and improve according to what?

Help people

Probation and parole officers state that their original decision to become involved in this particular career field is based on their desire to:

Financial and social change

Now more than ever correctional systems are in a new era of correctional policy in what areas?

To carry out the criminal sentence

Which of the following is the central purpose of punishment?

Both protection and punishment

Corrections ideally serves which goal(s)?

Reciprocal

According to the author, Corrections has a(n)_____ relationship with its environment.

The United States

Which of the following countries has the highest incarceration rate in the world?

Emile Durkheim

Which important scholar argued that criminals and their punishment are functional in society, help to define norms and expectations for conformity:

more complex

As systems grow and mature, they become:

Federalism

According to the author, which system of government divides power between federal and state governments?

two-third

Approximately ___ of all people under correctional supervision are living in the community on probation or parole.

managing the correctional organization and working with offenders

Clear, Cole and Reisig divide some of the controversies, issues and themes that arise in the study of corrections into two main areas:

faces dispute

The theory that offenders can be corrected:

disputed

One result of funding squabbles is that organizational turf is:

street-level bureaucrats

Because correctional workers work directly with people, they have been referred to as:

exchange

Interdependence between staff and offenders is considered:

social relations

According to the text, every aspect of the corrections field raises questions that concern deeply held values about:

False

The nonprofessional staff that works within the prison system normally possesses a college education. (T or F)

False

The organizational turf of criminal justice agencies is very clear because there is no blurring around the edges regarding the responsibility for different types of actions.

True

Corrections consist of subunits, each with its own function and responsibilities. Some examples are probation offices, halfway houses, and prisons.

True

People who undertake careers in corrections do so because they find the field an excellent place to express their most cherished values.

True

Large corrections systems damage families and communities, and increase racial inequality.

whipping

The following is an example of corporal punishment:

similar behavior

Jeremy Benthem argued that effective punishments prevent _____ in the future.

religious groups

Political liberals and _____ encouraged reform of the prison system during the Enlightenment Period.

1790s

The penitentiary was developed during the:

correctional staff

By the 1900s, punishments were carried out under the supervision of:

All of these:
Punishment should correspond in degree and kind to the offense.
An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth is legal punishment
Punishment needs to be proportionate

Lex Talionis embodies which of the following principles?

transportation

The practice of removing offenders from the community to another land was known as:

Cesare Beccaria

The founder of the Classical School of Thought is _____

All of these:
It brought a reaction against feudal society and the monopoly of religion.
It stressed the notion of equality for all citizens.
It was largely influenced by the growth of scientific thinking.

The period known as the Enlightenment had what effect(s) on society?

The invention of the penitentiary, where prisoners could be isolated from the temptations of the outside world.

The Enlightenment proposed which of the following ideas for correctional reform?

money paid to relatives or victims of a crime

The term wergild focuses on which of the following:

All of these:
People reconsidered the administration of law and redefined corrections.
During this period the classical school of criminology emerged, with its insistence on a rational link between the gravity of the crime and the severity of the punishme

How was the existing system of justice altered during the Enlightenment?

All of these:
Observation
Experimentation
Technological development

During the Age of Reason, advances in scientific thinking led to a questioning attitude that emphasized which of the following?

1200s

According to the text, Legal sanctions, in the form we are familiar with today, emerged in the:

13th

The response to crime was viewed as essentially a private affair prior to the _____ century?

Jeremy Bentham

_____ was the leader of reform in England and the developer of a utilitarian approach to crime and punishment

a system of compensation

Wergild developed as:

the church

The dominant social institution during the Middle Ages in England and Europe was:

secular law

The law of the civil society as distinguished from church law is known as.

all literate persons

Benefit of clergy was extended to:

True

Under the law of retaliation, lex talionis, vengeance was a duty to be carried out by the person wronged or by a family.

False

In England by the year 1200, a system of wergild, or payment of money as compensation, had developed as a way for the king to collect additional resources from the citizens.

True

One of the major reasons England and Europe resorted to sending offenders to the New World was that their prisons and houses of corrections were filled to overflowing.

False.

Public opinion about punishment has remained static over the last 200 years.

False

Shaming is a new punishment idea.

Eastern State Penitentiary

The concept of separate confinement was introduced in several locations, however one became the fullest expression of rehabilitation through separate confinement.

forces in the environment

Ideas of the Enlightenment fostered the thinking that crime is caused by:

Auburn Penitentiary

The "congregate" system of prison discipline was first instituted at the:

the treatment and diagnosis of criminals

With the rise of the medical model, the emphasis in corrections shifted to:

sharply increased

Between 1790 and 1830, the population in urban America had:

heterogeneous

During the 19th century, American society became increasingly:

Walnut Street Jail

Separate confinement was first implemented in:

All of these:
offenders were isolated from bad influences in society
offenders were isolated from one another
where offenders could reflect on their misdeeds

The penitentiary was to be a place where:

the separate confinement system

The opening of Eastern State Penitentiary in 1829 marked the full development of the:

1930's

According to the text, the medical model of corrections was beginning to be taken seriously through implementation in the _____

rehabilitating individual offenders

During the Progressive Reform Era, two main strategies were implemented. They included improving conditions in social environments and __________

penitentiary

An institution intended to isolate prisoners from society and each other so that they could reflect on their past misdeeds, repent, and undergo reformation is the:

1940s

According to the text, serious attempts made to implement what became known as the medical model of corrections began in the:

reformatory

The ______ was an institution for young offenders that emphasized training, a mark system of classification, indeterminate sentences, and parole.

South.

The leasing of convicts to private entrepreneurs took hold in the:

John Haviland

Eastern State Penitentiary was designed by:

disillusioned

By the mid-1800s, reformers were ____ with the penitentiary.

all of these:
understaffed
overcrowded
financially burdened

Within 40 years of being built, penitentiaries had become:

reintegrate the offender

According to community based corrections, the goal of the criminal justice system is to:

True

English trends and practices greatly influenced American corrections.

True

The Auburn System focused on a congregate system of operations.

True

Social and political values greatly influence correctional thought and practices.

True

The original penitentiary relied on penance and contemplation as the means for the criminal offender to move from sin toward perfection.

False

Corrections based on the assumption that criminal behavior can be treated is known as the crime control model.