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Jails
These are local community institutions that hold people who are presumed innocent before trial; convicted people before they are sentenced; convicted minor offenders, who are sentenced for terms that are usually less than a year; Juveniles (usually in the
Majority of jails are ran by the:
county sheriff; whose primary focus has been on law enforcement rather than corrections. As a result, jail facilities have often been neglected, resulting in dilapidated structures, communities or correctional staffs working at the state or federal level
Jail staff:
receive less pay and training than deputy sheriffs working in the same organization. Jails are viewed as more punitive as prisons.
Currently there are 2,900 _____ in the United States, and 68 are operated by American Indian Tribes
Jails
About ___% of jail inmates have not been convicted of the crime for which they are being held; they are awaiting court action.
60
In 2013, jails processed _________ inmates, with most inmates in and out within a few days or a week, sometimes within hours, though others might be held for more than a year, particularly if they are sentenced state or federal inmates.
11.7 million
1st part of typical processing of inmates: DELIVERY
delivery of the arrestee to the facility by a law enforcement officer. Many arrestees may be stressed, upset, mentally disturbed, or intoxicated. In the latter case, the officer may choose to administer a Breathalyzer test at the jail. If the arrestee is
Overcrowding
a phenomenon that occurs when the number of inmates exceeds the physical capacity (the beds and space) available
Jails were filled at an average of _______ in the year 2014.
84%
Overcrowding limits the ability of the jail to fulfill its multifaceted mission:
less programming can be provided, health and maintenance systems are overtaxed, and staff are stressed by the increased demands on their time and the inability to meet all inmate needs. From the inmates perspective, their health, security, and privacy are
Women comprised over _______ of jail inmates in 2009, but that increased to almost 15% by 2014 which is more than 2000. - Has said to be because of the war on drugs
12.2%
Longer-term trends do indicated that the number of ________ from 1990 to 2006 almost doubled while the numbers of adult females and juveniles almost tripled.
adult males
Those with a mental illness are almost ___________ as likely to be homeless as those jail inmates without a mental illness designation
twice
About _______times as many jail inmates with a mental health problem had a history of physical or sexual abused than those without such problems.
3
researchers found that those with ________________ are much more likely to be sexualized while incarcerated than inmates who are not.
mentally ill
Andrew Cohen documented in an article in the Atlantic Monthly:
abuse for the mentally ill is widespread and exists in both jails and prisons.
half of jail inmates report
chronic medical problems such as cancer or blood pressure/heart problems.
prevalence of medical maladies in jails ( most common to least common):
arthritis, hypertension, asthma, heart problems, cancer, paralysis, stroke, diabetes, kidney problems, hepatitis, sexually transmitted disease, tuberculosis, and HIV.
Almost _____ of inmates are overweight and over 60% are morbidly obese.
75%
Female inmates reported a rate of cancer that was almost __ times that of men. With the most common type being cervical.
8
Among juvenile inmates _____ are a major concern.
Sexually transmitted infections and diseases
Estelle v. Gamble
inmates have a constitutional right to reasonable medical care. The court held that to be deliberately indifferent to the medical needs of inmates would violate the Eighth Amendment prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment.
Affordable Care Act
2010. Also requires that jails provide medical and mental health care within their facilities.
The National Commission on Correctional Health Care
recommends that should jails go the route of private provisions of services, they make sure that such programs are properly accredited so that the services provided meet national standards.
__ of inmates reported substance abuse or dependence problems.
68%
Jails have __ times the rate of suicide as prisons do.
3
gangs are more of an issue in _______ jails
urban
Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003
Act that mandated that the Bureau of Justice Statistics collect date on sexual assaults in adults and juvenile jails and prisons and that it identify facilities with high levels of victimization.
_____ inmates in jails were more than twice as likely as male inmates to experience sexual victimization perpetrated by another inmate.
female
_______ inmates were slightly more likely to be victims of staff perpetrators.
male
New-generation or podular direct-supervision jails
Jails that have two key components: a rounded, or podular, architecture for living units and the direct supervision of inmates by staff.
Community Jails
Jails organized so those inmates engaged in education, drug or alcohol counseling, or mental-health programming in the community will seamlessly receive such services while incarcerated and again as they transition out of the facility.
Coequal Staffing
Programs that provide comparable pay and benefits for those who work in the jail to that for people who work on the streets as law enforcement in the sheriffs department.
reentry
the process of integrating offenders back into the community after release from jail or prison.
Jails
hold the presumed innocent, minor offenders, those who haven't been sentenced. Hold people from state and federal authorities.
Detention Centers
jails for juveniles, may also be for adults
locations
operated somewhat close to a city or towns center.
technology in jails
cameras, voice and visual check, electronic doors, electronic finger print machine, video arraignments, visits just through cameras
Jail inmates and processing
jails operate 24/7. Clientele: diverse mission, hold all kinds of inmates.
Process:
- delivery of arrestee to the facility by an officer
- booking: fill out paper for administration, arrestee is either in holding cell or with officer. Jail will strip sear
overcrowding:
capacity can be misleading, when one considers overcrowding certain sections of the jails. Incarcerating more people for longer - more long-term inmates. Lawsuits: usually not successful by inmates, Welsh in 1995 found that the issue that courts gave the
Gender, race, juveniles and ethnicity
- most inmates are adult minority males: women are a small percentage only 15%
- war on drugs: overall increase of incarceration, in particular increase of women and minority groups
- unknown recent declines in recent and minorities
-
The Mentally Ill
John Irwin 1985 - "rabble": disorganized, disorderly, detached, of disrepute. Offended others by committing minor crimes in public places. The mentally ill are more likely to be homeless. Problems: jails are full of mentally ill, homeless and poor. About
Homelessness
greater risk for police contact because you're always in public view and may disturb community members
James and Glaze
Those with a mental illness were almost twice as likely to be homeless than those without. 17% compared to 9%.
Beck, Berzofsky, Casper and Krebs
those with mental illness are much more likely to be sexually victimized in prison. Also if you are part of the LGBTQ community, you are much more likely to be sexually victimized in prison.
Treatment of Mentally Ill
more likely candidates for solitary confinement, problematic treatment of mentally ill inmates have been found. Risen to crisis status - may 6th 2015 launched a national initiative
medical problems
problematic social issue - relatively poor health of those incarcerated. Bureau of Justice Statistics found 1/2 of jail inmates reported a chronic illness.
Elderly inmates
much more likely to have medical problems, which means they are more costly to manage.
Female inmates
53% reported a problem. More unique issues such as pregnancy.
Juvenile inmates
big one is chlamydia. Less chronic issues and more stds
estelle v. gamble -1976
inmates have constitutional right to medical care, deliberate indifference standard created.
Winter (2003)
study of ten years of suicide data from jails in one Midwestern state
Tartaro and Ruddell
study of suicides in jails
Selling et al
study of suicides in NY jail system
Suicides
rates in jail twice as high as would be true for comparable group of free citizens. Rate is three times that of prisons. Jail and prison deaths due to suicide and homicide declined from 1983-2002. Jail suicides accounted for major cause of death in 1983,
gangs
violence and other offenses tend to naturally follow in their wake. More of problem in large urban jail. Prevalence ranges from 16-25 percent depending on jail location. Likely to be low estimates, individuals not forthcoming about membership. Jails try t
Tapia (2014)
study of Latino gangs in Texas. generational issues within the gang.
Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003
mandated collection of data of sexual assaults. identify facilities with high levels of victimizations.
Beck et al. (2013)
national inmate survey - 3.2% of inmates reported experiencing sexual victimization perpetrated by staff and other inmates in the previous 12 months. 25,100 victims in jails.
Female inmates are more than ___ as likely to be victimized by other inmates
twice
Males slightly more likely to be victimized by ____
staff
high victimization of those who are two or more _____ and white by other inmates
races
younger inmates and those with college degrees targeted by both staff and inmates
true
Prison Rape elimination Act prescribed surveys
more than half of substantiated staff on inmate sexual misconduct victimization committed by female staff on male inmates. females are more likely to be perpetrators in prison, males more likely in jails.78% fired and 45% prosecuted.
Urban Institute
used situational crime prevention approach to reduce violence and sexual assault after studying three jails. recommendations were multifaceted.
Podular jails
rounded or podular design. direct supervision of inmates. Staff is always there and watching. Would compliment supervision and negate ability of inmate control over unit. Officer role had to change - live there full time, hands on, in the unit at all time
Zupan (1991) building off of Gettinger (1984)
seven critical dimensions of new generation officer behavior:
- proactive leadership and conflict resolution skills
- building respectful relationship with inmates
- uniform and predictable enforcement of all rules
- active observation of all inmates in u
Community jails
promising innovation in jails. Programming does not end at jail house door: seamless transfer into community is sought. Partnership with jail and community to provide services: inmate is part of community whether in custody or not. Development requires re
Co-Equal Staffing
promising innovation in some sheriff departments. Program provide comparable pay and benefits. Jails historical dumping ground:
- those deemed not able to make it in policing
- were paid less
- received less training
- difficult to attract and keep best p
Reentry programs for jails
rethinking about how to keep people out. newest "thing" in jails today. Transitioning back to the community. Successful reentry programs: recognizing individual problems inmates might have, address them systematically, and address them with the client and
Spjeldnes, Jung, Yamatani
argue women's and men's reentry needs may differ. Found more women than men reported chemical dependency and mental health needs.
Bookman et al
jail personnel should expect to engage in collaborative arrangements with community agencies if they hope to succeed in reentry process.
...
...
Jails
These are local community institutions that hold people who are presumed innocent before trial; convicted people before they are sentenced; convicted minor offenders, who are sentenced for terms that are usually less than a year; Juveniles (usually in the
Majority of jails are ran by the:
county sheriff; whose primary focus has been on law enforcement rather than corrections. As a result, jail facilities have often been neglected, resulting in dilapidated structures, communities or correctional staffs working at the state or federal level
Jail staff:
receive less pay and training than deputy sheriffs working in the same organization. Jails are viewed as more punitive as prisons.
Currently there are 2,900 _____ in the United States, and 68 are operated by American Indian Tribes
Jails
About ___% of jail inmates have not been convicted of the crime for which they are being held; they are awaiting court action.
60
In 2013, jails processed _________ inmates, with most inmates in and out within a few days or a week, sometimes within hours, though others might be held for more than a year, particularly if they are sentenced state or federal inmates.
11.7 million
1st part of typical processing of inmates: DELIVERY
delivery of the arrestee to the facility by a law enforcement officer. Many arrestees may be stressed, upset, mentally disturbed, or intoxicated. In the latter case, the officer may choose to administer a Breathalyzer test at the jail. If the arrestee is
Overcrowding
a phenomenon that occurs when the number of inmates exceeds the physical capacity (the beds and space) available
Jails were filled at an average of _______ in the year 2014.
84%
Overcrowding limits the ability of the jail to fulfill its multifaceted mission:
less programming can be provided, health and maintenance systems are overtaxed, and staff are stressed by the increased demands on their time and the inability to meet all inmate needs. From the inmates perspective, their health, security, and privacy are
Women comprised over _______ of jail inmates in 2009, but that increased to almost 15% by 2014 which is more than 2000. - Has said to be because of the war on drugs
12.2%
Longer-term trends do indicated that the number of ________ from 1990 to 2006 almost doubled while the numbers of adult females and juveniles almost tripled.
adult males
Those with a mental illness are almost ___________ as likely to be homeless as those jail inmates without a mental illness designation
twice
About _______times as many jail inmates with a mental health problem had a history of physical or sexual abused than those without such problems.
3
researchers found that those with ________________ are much more likely to be sexualized while incarcerated than inmates who are not.
mentally ill
Andrew Cohen documented in an article in the Atlantic Monthly:
abuse for the mentally ill is widespread and exists in both jails and prisons.
half of jail inmates report
chronic medical problems such as cancer or blood pressure/heart problems.
prevalence of medical maladies in jails ( most common to least common):
arthritis, hypertension, asthma, heart problems, cancer, paralysis, stroke, diabetes, kidney problems, hepatitis, sexually transmitted disease, tuberculosis, and HIV.
Almost _____ of inmates are overweight and over 60% are morbidly obese.
75%
Female inmates reported a rate of cancer that was almost __ times that of men. With the most common type being cervical.
8
Among juvenile inmates _____ are a major concern.
Sexually transmitted infections and diseases
Estelle v. Gamble
inmates have a constitutional right to reasonable medical care. The court held that to be deliberately indifferent to the medical needs of inmates would violate the Eighth Amendment prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment.
Affordable Care Act
2010. Also requires that jails provide medical and mental health care within their facilities.
The National Commission on Correctional Health Care
recommends that should jails go the route of private provisions of services, they make sure that such programs are properly accredited so that the services provided meet national standards.
__ of inmates reported substance abuse or dependence problems.
68%
Jails have __ times the rate of suicide as prisons do.
3
gangs are more of an issue in _______ jails
urban
Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003
Act that mandated that the Bureau of Justice Statistics collect date on sexual assaults in adults and juvenile jails and prisons and that it identify facilities with high levels of victimization.
_____ inmates in jails were more than twice as likely as male inmates to experience sexual victimization perpetrated by another inmate.
female
_______ inmates were slightly more likely to be victims of staff perpetrators.
male
New-generation or podular direct-supervision jails
Jails that have two key components: a rounded, or podular, architecture for living units and the direct supervision of inmates by staff.
Community Jails
Jails organized so those inmates engaged in education, drug or alcohol counseling, or mental-health programming in the community will seamlessly receive such services while incarcerated and again as they transition out of the facility.
Coequal Staffing
Programs that provide comparable pay and benefits for those who work in the jail to that for people who work on the streets as law enforcement in the sheriffs department.
reentry
the process of integrating offenders back into the community after release from jail or prison.
Jails
hold the presumed innocent, minor offenders, those who haven't been sentenced. Hold people from state and federal authorities.
Detention Centers
jails for juveniles, may also be for adults
locations
operated somewhat close to a city or towns center.
technology in jails
cameras, voice and visual check, electronic doors, electronic finger print machine, video arraignments, visits just through cameras
Jail inmates and processing
jails operate 24/7. Clientele: diverse mission, hold all kinds of inmates.
Process:
- delivery of arrestee to the facility by an officer
- booking: fill out paper for administration, arrestee is either in holding cell or with officer. Jail will strip sear
overcrowding:
capacity can be misleading, when one considers overcrowding certain sections of the jails. Incarcerating more people for longer - more long-term inmates. Lawsuits: usually not successful by inmates, Welsh in 1995 found that the issue that courts gave the
Gender, race, juveniles and ethnicity
- most inmates are adult minority males: women are a small percentage only 15%
- war on drugs: overall increase of incarceration, in particular increase of women and minority groups
- unknown recent declines in recent and minorities
-
The Mentally Ill
John Irwin 1985 - "rabble": disorganized, disorderly, detached, of disrepute. Offended others by committing minor crimes in public places. The mentally ill are more likely to be homeless. Problems: jails are full of mentally ill, homeless and poor. About
Homelessness
greater risk for police contact because you're always in public view and may disturb community members
James and Glaze
Those with a mental illness were almost twice as likely to be homeless than those without. 17% compared to 9%.
Beck, Berzofsky, Casper and Krebs
those with mental illness are much more likely to be sexually victimized in prison. Also if you are part of the LGBTQ community, you are much more likely to be sexually victimized in prison.
Treatment of Mentally Ill
more likely candidates for solitary confinement, problematic treatment of mentally ill inmates have been found. Risen to crisis status - may 6th 2015 launched a national initiative
medical problems
problematic social issue - relatively poor health of those incarcerated. Bureau of Justice Statistics found 1/2 of jail inmates reported a chronic illness.
Elderly inmates
much more likely to have medical problems, which means they are more costly to manage.
Female inmates
53% reported a problem. More unique issues such as pregnancy.
Juvenile inmates
big one is chlamydia. Less chronic issues and more stds
estelle v. gamble -1976
inmates have constitutional right to medical care, deliberate indifference standard created.
Winter (2003)
study of ten years of suicide data from jails in one Midwestern state
Tartaro and Ruddell
study of suicides in jails
Selling et al
study of suicides in NY jail system
Suicides
rates in jail twice as high as would be true for comparable group of free citizens. Rate is three times that of prisons. Jail and prison deaths due to suicide and homicide declined from 1983-2002. Jail suicides accounted for major cause of death in 1983,
gangs
violence and other offenses tend to naturally follow in their wake. More of problem in large urban jail. Prevalence ranges from 16-25 percent depending on jail location. Likely to be low estimates, individuals not forthcoming about membership. Jails try t
Tapia (2014)
study of Latino gangs in Texas. generational issues within the gang.
Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003
mandated collection of data of sexual assaults. identify facilities with high levels of victimizations.
Beck et al. (2013)
national inmate survey - 3.2% of inmates reported experiencing sexual victimization perpetrated by staff and other inmates in the previous 12 months. 25,100 victims in jails.
Female inmates are more than ___ as likely to be victimized by other inmates
twice
Males slightly more likely to be victimized by ____
staff
high victimization of those who are two or more _____ and white by other inmates
races
younger inmates and those with college degrees targeted by both staff and inmates
true
Prison Rape elimination Act prescribed surveys
more than half of substantiated staff on inmate sexual misconduct victimization committed by female staff on male inmates. females are more likely to be perpetrators in prison, males more likely in jails.78% fired and 45% prosecuted.
Urban Institute
used situational crime prevention approach to reduce violence and sexual assault after studying three jails. recommendations were multifaceted.
Podular jails
rounded or podular design. direct supervision of inmates. Staff is always there and watching. Would compliment supervision and negate ability of inmate control over unit. Officer role had to change - live there full time, hands on, in the unit at all time
Zupan (1991) building off of Gettinger (1984)
seven critical dimensions of new generation officer behavior:
- proactive leadership and conflict resolution skills
- building respectful relationship with inmates
- uniform and predictable enforcement of all rules
- active observation of all inmates in u
Community jails
promising innovation in jails. Programming does not end at jail house door: seamless transfer into community is sought. Partnership with jail and community to provide services: inmate is part of community whether in custody or not. Development requires re
Co-Equal Staffing
promising innovation in some sheriff departments. Program provide comparable pay and benefits. Jails historical dumping ground:
- those deemed not able to make it in policing
- were paid less
- received less training
- difficult to attract and keep best p
Reentry programs for jails
rethinking about how to keep people out. newest "thing" in jails today. Transitioning back to the community. Successful reentry programs: recognizing individual problems inmates might have, address them systematically, and address them with the client and
Spjeldnes, Jung, Yamatani
argue women's and men's reentry needs may differ. Found more women than men reported chemical dependency and mental health needs.
Bookman et al
jail personnel should expect to engage in collaborative arrangements with community agencies if they hope to succeed in reentry process.