What was the first prison designed to house sentenced offenders in the United States called?
Walnut Street Jail
How do correctional agencies fulfill their mission?
I. By imprisoning offenders who receive a sentence of incarceration from the courts
II. By assisting courts in the decision to grant bail
III. By supervising offenders in the community under court jurisd
All the above
Which of the following statements is true of the Walnut Street Jail?
Prison administrators often put masks on inmates as they moved through the prison, to avoid identification in case they met each other after release.
What is defined as a legislative authorization to provide a specific range of punishment for a specific crime?
penal code
What is the hands-off doctrine?
avoidance by the U.S. Supreme Court of judicial intervention in the operations of prisons and the judgment of correctional administrators
What was the emphasis in the Rehabilitative Era?
the professionalizing of staff through recruitment and training, and the implementation of many self-improvement programs of prison management
Which eighteenth-century theorist is recognized as the founder of the Classical School of criminology?
Cesare Beccaria
Which of the following links crime causation to punishment, based on offenders' free will and hedonism?
the Classical School of criminology
Which theorist suggested that criminal laws should be organized so that the punishment for any act would outweigh the pleasure that would be derived from the act?
Jeremy Bentham
Which of the following is based on the belief that criminals do not have complete choice over their criminal actions and may commit acts that are beyond their control?
the Positive School
Who among the following concluded that criminals had traits that made them throwbacks to earlier stages of evolution?
Cesare Lombroso
What is specific deterrence?
the effect of punishment on an individual offender that prevents that person from committing future crimes
Which early colonial bail system enabled rich offenders to pay a fee and be released?
fee system
Whose efforts in jail reform led to the passing of the Penitentiary Act in 1779?
John Howard
What did the Quakers' criminal code include?
free food and lodging for inmates
The original features of the Pennsylvania system included all but which of the following?
working w other inmates
Which of the following was a problem with the Pennsylvania system?
I. It had low productivity.
II. It was expensive.
III. It made inmates mentally ill.
all the above
Which system was known as the "congregate and silent" system?
Auburn System
The stages of which of the following systems are solitary confinement, special prison, open institutions, and ticket of leave?
Irish System
Which correctional era advocated an environment that emphasized reformation, education, and vocational programs, and focused offenders' attention on the future?
Reformatory Era
Which type of crime is punishable by one year or more of incarceration?
a felony
Which of the following is NOT relevant for the pretrial diversion program?
All offenders with successful pretrial diversion programs have a formal criminal record of the offense.
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of a diversionary treatment program?
Diversionary treatment programs generally do not involve community treatment programs.
Which 1987 U.S. Supreme Court decision upheld the ability of a magistrate to confine an offender on the presumption that he or she was dangerous?
United States v. Salerno
Which of the following is a pledge of money or property in exchange for a promise to return for further criminal processing?
bail
In which country did pretrial release programs originate?
england
Which constitutional amendment states that excessive bail may NOT be required?
eighth
Which of the following is a problem with the system of bail as a requirement for release?
The bail process discriminates against the poor.
Which of the following is NOT an alternative to bail?
preventive detention
Which of the following accurately describes plea bargaining?
Plea bargaining is an agreement in which the defendant enters a plea of guilty in exchange for a reduced sentence.
Which of the following is included in a presentence investigation (PSI)?
the range of allowable sanctions
For which of the following is a presentence investigation used?
. evaluating a plea bargain deal agreed to by defense and prosecution
What percentage completion of sentence does the truth in sentencing reform require?
85 percent
Which of the following is NOT a sentencing option?
parole
Which of the following sentencing options authorized in state penal codes requires an offender to pay a fine or do community service in exchange for a waiver on jail time?
economic sanctions
Which of the following is NOT true of determinate sentences?
Offenders are subject to release by parole boards.
Who initiated the concept of "good time"?
Alexander Maconochie
In which of the following sentencing models do judges have primary discretion in creating the sentence?
judicial form of sentencing
In presumptive sentencing, what do mitigating circumstances indicate to a judge?
reasons for leniency
Which of the following is a reason why states have adopted sentencing guidelines?
Guidelines provide uniformity, ensuring that similar crimes merit similar sentences.
Which of the following is an early English term for a jail?
gaol
All of the following are responsible for the significant increase in the use of jails from 2000 to 2008 EXCEPT ________.
the serious budget crises of local governments
Which was NOT a requirement for English prisons and jails as specified by the English Penitentiary Act of 1779?
housing inmates in common cells
Which of the following categories of offenders is NOT held in a jail?
inmates sentenced to terms of more than ten years
In rural counties, which elected official oversees the operation of the jail?
sheriff
Which of the following is described as statistical approaches to consider the risk of escape and violence by inmates?
objective classification systems
Which of the following is characteristic of a third-generation jail?
Correctional officers are located in the housing unit in direct contact with inmates.
What main factor differentiates jails from prisons?
length of stay
A very large percentage of arrested and jailed offenders make bond and are released within ________.
48 hours
Jail inmates may have only non-contact visits. What type of visitor is the exception?
attorney
Which is NOT one of the three most important reasons for effective jail classification systems?
They provide a guide for giving inmates proper substance abuse counseling.
Which is the most important element in the operations and policies of all correctional facilities?
The staff
Which of the following is NOT true of jails in a correctional setting?
Jails offer extensive programs or services for inmates.
About how many more jails are there in the United States than prisons?
three times as many
Which of the following facilitates continuous communication between jail staff and inmates, thus reducing tension and avoiding the development of conflicts among inmates or between inmates and staff?
direct supervision jails
Which of the following is NOT true of private correctional agencies?
Private correctional agencies independently decide on security policies for inmates.
Which is a primary reason for new jail construction over the past decade?
The number of successful legal challenges by jail inmates for overcrowding has increased.
Which constitutional amendment refers to "cruel and unusual punishment"?
eighth
What is the greatest cause of death among jail inmates other than illness or natural causes?
suicide
Which of the following would NOT be considered a practical suicide prevention activity for a jail?
remodeling all jail cells to be suicide resistant