According to the theory of incorporation
all provisions of the bill of rights are made applicable to the states through the due process clause of the 14th amendment
as a result of her drug conviction and subsequent prison sentence, Colleen is not allowed to return to her public housing apartment nor can she receive food stamp benefits. Colleen is suffering the impact of
invisible punishments
a law that prohibits the imposing of a greater punishment for a crime than was in effect when the crime was committed is the
ex post facto law
A convicted felon who is prevented from voting, serving on a jury, or carrying a pistol is being subjected to
civil disabilities
as part of the prison litigation reform act, indigent prisoners are prohibited from filing new lawsuits when they have previously filed three or more actions that were dismissed as frivolous or malicious
(true or false)
true
civil rights claims are sometimes referred to _________ because of the location of the civil rights act in the U.S. Code.
Section 1983 claims
of the 14th amendment's two clauses, the ______ clause addresses the actions to be used when depriving a person of life, liberty , or property and the ________ clause the application of law to all people within the jurisdiction
due process / equal protection
persons in prison are typically not allowed to vote, but the U.S. Supreme court has ruled that once a person has complete their prison sentence their right to vote is automatically restore
(true or false)
false
regarding the right of religious freedom, the first amendment includes the freedom to believe, but the U.S. supreme court has ruled that prison officials can force an inmate to reject unsavory religious beliefs (satanism, for example) if such beliefs coul
False
the prison litigation reform act affects prisoner litigation through three provisions, which of the following is NOT one of those provisions?
a.) Qualified assistant provision. To encourage legitimate suits, prisoners must have the assistance of a qualifi
Qualified assistant provision. To encourage legitimate suits, prisoner must have the assistance of a qualified person (lawyer, law student, paralegal) when filing a law suit.
of many possible religions, the one(s) that the courts have consistently ruled that it cannot be practiced in prison because it threatens prison security is
a.) satanism
b.) islam
c.) judaism
d.) all of the above
e.) non of the above
none of the above
what is meant by the notion of " civil death
offenders forfeit all rights and privileges of citizenship
two primary federal sources of prisoners rights are the
U.S. constitution and Civil right act
which term refers to sanctions that operate mostly beyond public view, yet have very serious consequences for the individuals affected?
invisible punishment
Which term refers to sanctions that operate mostly beyond public view, yet have very serious consequences for the individuals affected?
invisible punishment
which of the following does your text book suggest is the most basic right for prisoners?
Right to access the courts.
when restoration of rights is not automatic after sentence completion, which of the following is an example of an approach that destroy or makes inaccessible the person's criminal record
Expungement
which doctrine best expresses the contemporary approach by courts to judicial involvement in prison administration?
The deference doctrine
traditionally, the granting of a pardon was the primary method by which rights could be restored to a prisoner who had completed his or her sentence, but the pardon power has fallen victim to political pressure and is used less often today.
(True or false
true
The prison litigation reform act (PLRA) became law in 1996 in an attempt to reduce frivolous lawsuit by prisoners. Which of the following most accurately reflects the result of current research regarding the PLRA?
The PLRA has succeeded in both reducing the volume of prisoner litigation and in encouraging the filing of only the more meritorious cases
The U.S. supreme court has ruled that in order for prisoners to have access to the courts, prison officials must provide inmates with adequate law libraries and adequate legal assistance
(true or false) .
false
in the 1970s the U.S. supreme court ruled in ________ that the death penalty as it was being applied was unconstitutional, but the _______ decision ruled the death penalty was constitutional when specific guideline are followed.
furman v. georgia / gregg v. georgia
The _______ statutes required the death penalty upon conviction of specific crimes, whereas the _______ statutes required juries to impose capital punishment only after considering both aggravating and mitigating circumstances.
mandatory / guided discretion
all executions since 1976 have been for
murder with aggravating circumstances
Bifurcated trials are required in capital cases, this means
death penalty trials must have two stages with the first being used to determine guilt and the second stage to decide the sentence.
The majority of persons executed since 1976 were
convicted of murdering white victims
National polls found that most people believe an innocent person has been executed since 1976, but the majority still support the death penalty as a punishment. (True or False)
true
African- American are 13% of the U.S. population and comprise a similar percentage of homicide victims. (true or false)
false
since the death penalty was reinstated in 1976, more white people have been executed than black people. (true or false)
true
in a study of death penalty cases in Texas, researchers found that capital defendants with court appointed lawyers were just as likely to receive a death sentence as were those who hired their own attorneys. (true or false)
true
the furman decision was not against capital punishment itself; it was against the way it was being implemented. (true or false)
true
most inmates on death row today are held in prisons in the west. (true or false)
false
today ________ U.S. states plus the federal government and the military, have death penalty statutes.
31
The U.S. supreme court has ruled the penalty to be disproportionate punishment, and , therefore unacceptable, for the crime of
all of the above have been ruled to be disproportionate and unacceptable
which of the following best describes the means by which most of those people leaving death row since 1976 have left?
most had their sentence or conviction overturned by an appeal or higher court
which of the following describes people who favor the elimination of the death penalty in modern day society?
Abolitionists
after their review of available evidence, the national research council determined that research to date
cannot conclusively determine whether capital punishment decreases, increases or has no effect on homicide rates.
people who have been personally and directly involved in executing someone have been known to suffer PSTD like symptoms as a result of that involvement
true
in the period from 1930 to 1976 executions were typically for murder with African Americans accounting for about half of those executions. About 12% of the executions during that period were for rape. African Americans made up what percentage of the execu
90%
as a result of several recent studies, it has become apparent that females and males have similar pathways to delinquency and there is no need for gender specific programming. (true or false)
False
community based programs that focus on the individual offender have been found to be more successful than family based treatments. (true or false)
false
every state allows or requires juveniles to be tried as adults in criminal court under certain circumstances. (true or false)
true
how does selection bias impact minority youth in the juvenile justice system?
actions or histories of minority youth are scrutinized more closely than that of white youth.
in addition to hearing cases about juveniles committing an act that would be a crime when committed by an adult, the juvenile court can also hear cases regarding the mistreatment of a juvenile.
true
in some state, juveniles have the right to a trial by jury.
true
initially the juvenile court provided no due process protections for juveniles. why?
court proceedings were not adversarial
minority youths age 10-17 account for about one - fourth of the U.S. juvenile populations but comprise _________ of the juvenile arrests for violent crimes.
half
misbehavior that is considered wrong because society does not consider the juvenile old enough for such activity is called a
status offense
most correctly blended sentencing allows the court to
impose either juvenile or adult sanctions, or a combination of these sanctions on a minor
successful residential treatment programs for juveniles are those that do which of the following?
all of the above
research suggests that the most successful treatment programs for juvenile offenders emphasize which of the following issues?
Family interactions
which treatment type has both a family based and a community based aspects?
multisystemic therapy
which of the following is NOT a reason for a juvenile to be brought to juvenile court?
situations wherein a person who is now an adult is believed to have committed a serious delinquent offense when he or she was a juvenile.
this transfer model, which is also known as prosecutorial discretion or concurrent jurisdiction, gives prosecutors the authority to file certain juvenile cases in either juvenile or adult court.
direct file
when determined to have committed an act that would otherwise be a crime, rather than being found guilty of a crime, juveniles are
adjudicated delinquent
when determined to have committed an act that would otherwise be a crime, rather than being found guilty of a crime, juveniles are
adjudicated delinquent
which of the following best defines the concept of parens patriae?
the states is the ultimate parent of all minors and therefore has final responsibility for it's younger citizens
according to the figure in chapter 14 showing what works and what doesnt, which of the following is an example of what doe NOT work?
scared straight programs
changing offender attitudes and behaviors through treatment is one of the main goals of correctional system that is tied to EBP. (t or f)
true
cognitive behavioral treatment can be effectively used in which of the following settings?
all of the above
costs associated with supervision of offenders in the community compared to simply watching them in prison actually make probation more expensive than incarceration.
false
Offender treatment that incorporates anger management and interpersonal problem solving has a greater impact on reducing recidivism than treatments that include victim impact and behavioral modification ( t or f)
True
Prison works to keep violent and predatory offenders from endangering the general public, but prisons do not specifically deter most offenders.
True
Since they are more likely to be rehabilitated, evidence-based practices suggest that treatment interventions for low-risk offenders should last longer and be more structured than are the programs for higher-risk offenders.
False
Spending time in jail and prison reduces the risk of felony recidivism for property and drug offenders.
False
Which correctional goal is accomplished when an individual offender creates a new life with changed thinking and behaviors?
Rehabilitation
Which correctional goal is accomplished when an offender causes no further harm while under supervision?
Community protection/public safety.
Which correctional goal is accomplished when an offender successfully completes community service and restitution?
Restoration.
Which correctional goal is accomplished when victims and others have a feeling that the offender has received his or her just deserts?
Retribution.
The most effective type of treatment for offenders is the cognitive behavioral approach.
(t ot f)
true
Which of the following factors is likely to contribute to an unsuccessful community supervision outcome for an offender?
Under age 30
Which of the following projects represents an example of a Justice Reinvestment project?
Diverting people from the prison system.
Which of the following prisoner-related costs is most expensive?
Health care.
Which of the following terms describes a focus on appropriate responses to the harm suffered by the victim or by the communities and reducing expensive incarceration responses?
Rational crime control policy.