drug
pretrial diversion targets mostly what type of offenses?
intermediate
judges may use a range of __________ sanctions from these exerting a low level of control to those exerting a high-level of control.
performance at each level of sentencing accountability
offender movement within the continuum of sanctions is contingent upon:
restitution
__________ refers to a condition that establishes a sum of money that must be paid by the offender either to the victim or to a public fund for victims of crime
A minority of
Studies of non-prison alternatives find that even the most successful programs enroll _______ offenders who would otherwise have been incarcerated
reduce reliance on prisons
The concept of community corrections is best understood as a goal to:
prison
Americans have traditionally tended to equate which of the following would punishment?
Radical disparities
Widespread adoption of intermediate sanctions my further exacerbate _________ in prison populations
intermediate sanctions
The new movement that seeks to establish correctional programs following between standard probation and prison is referred to as:
on regular probation
New alternative programs are filled with people who formally would have been placed:
it is in inadequate for a large number of offenders
A major criticism of probation, as traditionally practiced, is that:
under community supervision
More than two-thirds of people under correctional authority are ______
Children of people who have been incarcerated
of the following populations, who are the most statistically likely to get in trouble with the law and eventually end up in prison?
1 billion
over _________ dollars in fines is collected annually in the United States
bias
because intermediate sanctions rely own discretion, there is an opportunity for:
probation
One basic argument for intermediate sanctions is that__________, as traditionally practiced, is in adequate for a large number of criminal offenders
practice
The most important issue concerning the use of intermediate sanctions has to do with sentencing philosophy and:
Emotional stress
Long term inmates are recognized as those who suffer from:
Male
93% of the adult prison population is:
campus style
The prison design most often used for female in juvenile inmates is:
rehabilitation
The _______ model was dominant in the 1960s and early 1970s
Citizens
in the wake of the civil rights movement, prisoners demanded their constitutional rights as:
Cost
today's prison construction is greatly influenced by:
Elderly
The cost of maintaining a ________ inmate is much higher than cost associated with other incarcerated populations
Female
rates of HIV infection are higher in ________ prisoners
Research
until recently, __________ on the question of private prison cost-effectiveness has been lacking
all of these
with the correctional focus shifting to crime control, some believe that offenders have had it too soft, resulting in:
The Marshal's Service
responsibility of housing federal pretrial detainees belongs to:
Freedom
according to the authors, the general rule of architecture, including prisons, is that form follows:
supermax prisons
prisons designed to hold the toughest of the tough are called
Drug
The average federal inmate tends to be a white male who has committed a ________ offense
security
State prisons for men are usually classified according to the level of _________ deemed necessary
all of these
in prisons, gangs are organize primarily to:
Prisonization
The process by which a new inmate absorbs the customs of the prison society and learns to adapt to the environment is known as
Inmate code
A set of rules of conduct that reflect the values and norms of the prison social system and help to define for inmates the characteristics associated with the model prisoner is known as the
Doing time
when inmate use his/her incarceration as a temporary break in there criminal career, their adaptive role is known as
increase prestige within the inmate social system
which of the following is a reward associated with the jailing lifestyle?
The usual stock does not satisfy inmates needs
which of the following statements is true about the prison commissary?
Lower class
the sociological theory known as the subculture of violence argues that violence is primarily found in the _________ subculture
18,000
each year approximately ________ correctional staff members are assaulted by inmates
Place them in the general population custody unit
for many victims of prison violence, the only way for the administration to guarantee them safety is to:
Transfer gang members to another institution
correctional leaders have found the best way to weaken prison gangs is to:
Not affiliated with a gang
Inmates who fall victim to sexual violence while incarcerated tend to be
Subculture
The prison is recognized as a functioning Community with its own values, roles, language, and customs. This is also known as prison:
Newcomer
in prison terminology, the fish is a(n):
Inmates
most prison violence that occurs on a regular basis is between inmates and:
an underground economy
A principal feature in prison society which reinforces the norms and rules of the social system and influences the nature of interpersonal relationships is known as:
gather national statistics on prison rape
in 2003 the prison rape elimination act was created in order to:
Prison rape elimantion
The _________ act is a federal law that requires the collection of national statistics on the prevailance of prison sexual violence
Forgotten offenders
according to the authors, in the correctional system women are known as the:
60 to 70%
approximately what percent of women released from incarceration have nowhere to go and must find a place to live?
men
The majority of correctional budgets goes to institutions for:
Les programming
In comparison to men's facilities, women's prisons have
Significantly affected the delivery of programs
The increase in the number of women in prisons has
Sexual misconduct by male officers
Inside women's facilities there has been a recent escalation of
Less serious
When compared to men, the offenses women commit are usually
Women's prison association
In 1844, the ________ was created with the goal of improving the treatment of female prisoners and separating them from male prisoners
All of these
which of the following is an advantage to the families formed by female inmates?
There is a relatively small number of women in prison and jail
The justification for the lack of diverse educational, vocational, and other programs for incarcerated women is that:
was thwarted by male overseers and legislators
Elizabeth Farnham, head matron if the women's wing at Sing Sing from 1844 to 1848, tried to implement reform ideas for female prisoners and:
1/3
Approximately _______ of female inmates are currently incarcerated for violent offenses
more voluntary than in male prisons
social relationships in women's prison appear:
All of these
Elizabeth fry was instrumental in the women's prison movement and advocated for which of the following?
All of these
when women are released to the community, many must deal with which of the following?
Sexual assault
___________ refers to any behavior that is sexual in nature and that is directed toward an inmate, employee, official visitor, or agency representative.