What is a punitive penalty ordered y the court after a defendant has ben convicted of a crime, either by a jury, a bench trial, by a judge or in a plea bargain
d. Sentence
A moral concept that is difficult to define, but in essence means to treat people in ways consistent with norms of fairness and in accordance with what they justly deserve by virtue of their behavior is known as what?
b. justice
Who provided the following definition: "Justice consists of treating equals equally and unequals unequally according to relevant differences"?
c. Aristotle
What type of sentence is one in which the actual number of years a person may serve is not fixed, but rather a range of years
Indeterminate
What type of sentence means taht convicted criminals are given a fixed number of years they must serve rater than a rang?
b. Determinate
What type of sentence can exist in the context of both determinate and indeterminate sentencing structures and simply means taht probation is not an option and that the minimum time be set by law?
d. mandatory
What type of sentence are two sentences ordered to be served at the same time??
d. concurrent
What type of senences are two or more sentences that must be served sequentially?
c. Consecutive
Which statutes are derived from the same punitive atmosphere that led to truth in sentencing statutes?
a. Habitual offender
What type of sentence exposes offenders to the reality of prison life for a short period of time followed by probation?
a. shock probation
Which type of sentences may seem popular with the public at large until they get the bill?
c. Life without parole
Which type of sentence requires felons to serve brief periods of confinement in a county jail prior to placement on probation
b. Split sentence
Which type of senece requires participants to be involved in a n intensive treatment program that lasts about one year??
d. Drug court
What occurs when there is a wide variation in sentences recieved by different offenders?
a. sentencing disparity
What established a 100 to 1 quantity ratio differential between powder and crask cocaine
c. Anti- Drug abuse act
What increased the amout of cocaine subject to the five year minimum sentence from five grams to 28 grams?
b. Fair sentencing Act
Congress reacted to media hype about how addictive crak was based on what?
d. US sentencing Commission Report
What is used to assist judges in making sentencing recommendations?
a. Presentness Investigation Reports
A Presentence investigation report is generally written by whom?
c. The probation officer
How many states currently require disclosure of the presentence investigation report
d. 16
What was charged with the task of creating mandatoy sentencing guidelines?
a. United states sentencing commission
Forms containing scales that come with a set of rules for numerically computing sentences that offenders should receive based on the crime they committed and their criminal records are known as what?
b. Sentencing guidelines
The creation of the sentencing guidelines intended to do what?
c. Reign in judicial discretion
Sentencing guidelines are now _________, meaning that judges can consult them and follow them or not
b. Advisory
In which supreme court case did the court rule that the federal sentencing guidelines were no longer to be binding on the state?
a. United States v. booker
Which of the following factors can affect a judges decision when sentencing a defendant?
d. All of the above:
Seriousness of crime
Prior Record
Offender cooperation
What type of sentence is work release, whereby a person is consigned to a special portion of the jail on weekends and nights, but released to go to work during the day.
b. Split Sentneces
What is reasonable and just if the members of a group being more harshly punished commit more than the individual members of other gorups, but discriminatory and unjust if they do not?
b. sentencing variation
Truth in sentencing laws require that there be a truthful, realistic connection between the custodial sentence imposed on offender and the time they actually serve , and tey mandate that inmates serve at least ___________ % of their sentences before becom
c. 85
A fair sentencing Act was introduced and passed by congress, and was signed into law by which president??
d. Obama
How many states today maintain sentencing disparities between crack and powder cocaine?
c. 12
Sentencing in four major comparison countries differ radically. The most brutal sentences are handed out in whcih country?
c. Saudi Arabia
Which of the following may be found within a PSI report?
d. All of the above
Circumstances of the offense
Prior record
Present family statues
Sentencing refers to a post- conviction stage of the criminal justice process.Prior record
a. true
Justice is a moral concept that is easy to define
b. false
The determinate sentencing model prevailed most strongly under the so called "medicla model
b. false
Under indeterminate sentencing, offenders know how much time they will serve.
b. false
The habitual offender statute is a way of selectively incapacitating felson only after they have demonstrated the inability to live by societys rules.
b. false
SHock probation is typically reserved for chronic offenders
b. false
In addition to saving the states many millions of dollars in jail and prison costs, drug courts appear to be unsuccessful in reducing recidivism
b. false
The biggest concern with sentencing disparity is racial discrimination
a. true
Asian Americans receive harsher sentences on average than whites or African Americans
b. False
In 1988, Congress passed the U.s. sentencing commission report which established a 100 to 1 quantity ratio differential between powder and crack cocaine
b. false
The PSI is not an important document in regards to sentencing
b. false
In the federal system, probation officers create the PSI
b. false
In a PSI, generally officers make sentencing recommendations to the judge
a. true
Prior to 1984, federal judges enjoyed almost unlimited sentencing discretion as long as they stayed within the statutory maximum penalties.
A. true
Truth in sentencing laws have ld to longer sentences
a,true
An indeterminate senteces is a range of years
a. true
In a determinate sentence, offenders are given a fixed number of yeras
a. true
Indeterminate sentences are also known as fixed sentences
b. false
Sentencing guidelines are now mandatory in the federal system
b. false
Drug court has a high rate of recidivism
b. false