What is probation? What conditions can a sentence of probation include?
-Probation is basically the idea that , in lieu of imprisonment, the offender is allowed to live in the community under supervision & must demonstrate a willingness to abide by its laws.
-Probation began with the innovative work of John Augusts (first per
Conditions included in probation:
-All supervision activities take place in the context of a bureaucratic organization, which imposes both formal & informal constraints.
-Formal constraints are the legal conditions of probation, whther standard, punitive, or treatment; these are set by th
Standard Condition:
impose on all probationers, include reporting to the probation office, notifying the agency of any change of address, remaining gainfully employed, & not leaving the jurisdiction without permission.
Punitive conditions:
including fines, community service, & some forms of restitution, are designed to increase the restrictiveness or painfulness of probation.
+ punitive condition usually reflects the seriousness of the offense.
Treatment conditions:
force the probationer to deal with a significant problem or need, such as substance abuse.
-An offender who fails to comply with a condition is usually subject to incarceration; thus, one main purpose of the officer's supervision is to to enforce complian
What happends when an offender does not satisfy his/her conditions of probation?
-Revocation can result from a new arrest or conviction or form a rules violation, a failure to comply w/ a condition of probation
-Rules violations that result in revocation are referred to as technical violations= probationer's failure to abide by the ru
-Probation status ends in 2 ways:
(1) The person successfully completes the period of probation
(2) The person's probationary status us revoked because of misbehavior
How many more people are on probation than in prison?
- There are 3 times more people than on prison
- Includes home confinement, restitution (offender pays court/jail)
- It's the people who are paying their sentence from the outside
How is probation different from parole?
-Both supervise offenders who are serving portions of their sentence in the community
- Split sentence & shock probation means that probation often begins after jail or even prison term- just as with parole
-Probationers are usually less deeply involved i
Understand the paradigm shifts in probation, in particular: 1930-1960:
Embrace ideas from psychology about personality and human
development. It began to emphasize medical model, with rehabilitation as a goal.
Understand the paradigm shifts in probation, in particular: 1960-1980:
Reintegration model came in the picture. This model assumes that
crime is a product of poverty, racism, unemployment, unequal opportunities, and other social factors. Probation was seen as central because they could work with the offender in the problem's
Understand the paradigm shifts in probation, in particular: 1980-today:
The goals of rehabilitation and reintegration have given way to risk
management. The goal of risk management is to minimize the probability that an offender will commit a new offense, especially by probation officers tightening their activities and mainta
Understand the paradigm shifts in probation, in particular: Today-how view of probation is shifting again:
Growing interest in probation's role as part of community justice, emphasizing reparation to the victim and the community, problem-solving strategies, and increased citizen involvement in crime prevention
Related to the paradigm shifts, understand probation's dual focus on
a. reintegration:
helping probationers survive in the community without committing
further crimes. Putting them in touch with community services such as job training and
education
Related to the paradigm shifts, understand probation's dual focus on
b. risk management:
society has the responsibility to protect its citizens from crime .
Risk management combines values of the just deserts model of criminal sanction and with the idea that the community deserves protection
Be able to describe and explain the 2 functions of probation
Investigation: It involves the preparation of a pre-sentence investigation (PSI), which the judge uses in sentencing an offender. The PSI plays its most important role in the sentencing process because it provides information to judges with varying senten
What is intensive supervision probation & parole (ISP)?
Probation granted of strict reporting to a probation officer with a limited caseload. Home
confinement and electronic monitoring can be used in such.
Why did research by John Petersilia for the US Department of Justice show that offenders sentenced to ISP had higher recidivism rates than people in routine supervision?
ISP offenders have higher recidivism rates because they are watched more closely. Closely supervision did not deter them as officials hoped, it was more likely to catch them.
Goals of incarceration:
Understand the 3 different models of incarceration:
1: Custodial Model- Prisoners have been incarcerated for the purpose of incapacitation, deterrence, or retribution emphasizes security, discipline, and order. Dominates Maximum-security institutions
2: R
Organization for incarceration
1. What area of the US has the largest percentage of prisons? Located in the Southwith 47%
2. What area has the least? Located the least are in the Northeast 14.5%
3. How do federal prisons differ from state prisons? There are fewer violent offenders in f
Design Of prisons:
-When it comes to prison design, what does it mean to say "form follows
function?"
- This means that the design of a structure should serve the structure's
purpose.
Describe the four basic prison designs:
--The Radial Design: an architectural plan by which a prison is constructed in the form of a wheel, with "spokes" radiating from a central core. Prisons of the nineteenth century tended to follow this design. At other present da locations, such as Leavenw
Why are prisons often located in rural areas?
--Originally the rationale was that inmates would more readily repent if
isolated from the urban distractions and family contact. Another reason
for why prisons are often located in rural areas is cost. The land cost is
cheaper. Also, many citizens believ
What is the biggest influence on the design of a prison?
Today's construction is generally influenced by cost.
Classification of Prisons:
o Super-max: a prison that exceeds maximum security. 38 states have
created these prisons. 40 states operate super-max prisons. These facilities house approximately 20,000 prisoners and are design to hold the most- disruptive, violent, and incorrigible of
Explain how prison society functions as a subculture:
Prisons functions a subculture because is has its own values, roles, language, and customs. Prisoners form a society with traditions, norms, and a leadership structure. Some choose to associate with only a few close friends, others form cliques along raci
Explain the inmate code, including the primary, unspoken, rules that govern prison life
These norms and values develop within the prison and help define the inmate's image of the model prisoner. The culture breathes masculine toughness and insensitivity, impugns softness, and emphasizes the use of hostility and manipulation in one's relation
What is a fish and how do they learn to adapt? Explain the 4 basic adaptive roles.
Fish are the newcomers in prison. The four adaptive roles are the following:
-- Doing time: Men "doing time" view their prison term as a brief, inevitable break in their criminal careers, a cost of doing business. They try to serve their terms with the least amount of suffering and the greatest amount of comfort. They live by the
Explain what the prison economy is and how it works:
In prison people want goods and services as in the outside. Inmates live in simplicity and want to live in higher standards. Prisons have a "store" where prioners can periodically purchase a limited number of items: toilet articles, tobacco, snacks, in ex
How does a prisoner "store" differ from one run by the prison
Provide goods (contraband) and services not available or allowed by prison authorities. The extent of the economy and its ability to produce desired goods-food, drugs, alcohol, sex, preferred living conditions-vary according to the extent of official surv
What is the standard currency in prisoner "stores"?
Cigarettes: they are not contraband, are easily transferable, have a stable and well-known standard of value, and come in denominations such as singles, packs, and cartons.
Explain why a prison is the "perfect recipe for violence.
o Prisons offer a perfect recipe for violence. They confine large numbers of men in cramped quarters, some of which have histories of violent behavior. while incarcerated these men are not allowed contact with women and live under highly restricted condit
What is the effect of age, attitudes, and race on prison violence?
-- Age: studies have shown that young men between the ages of 16 and 24, both inside and outside prison, are more prone to violence than older men. Not surprisingly, 93% of adult prisoners are men, 54% were convicted of a violent offense, and 16% are unde
Describe and understand what prison gangs are, why they pose a security threat to prison, and what tactics prison administrators use to cope with these gangs?
(A)Racial or ethnicity gangs (also referred to as "security threat groups"
or STG's) are now linked to acts of violence in most prison systems.
Gang members continue their street wars inside prison; gangs make
some prisons more dangerous than any U.S neig
What is protective custody?
For many victims of prison violence, protective custody is the only way
to escape further abuse. Inmates who seek protective custody may have been physically abused, have received sexual threats, have reputation as snitches, or fear assault by someone the
Who has research shown to be most likely victims of sexual assault in prison?
o Reports show that both perpetrators and victims of inmate-inmate sexual victimization tend to be male and between the ages of 25 and 39. While victims tend to be white, the perpetrator tends to be either white or black. Victims of sexual assault tend to
What strategies do victims of sexual assault report doing to avoid repeated victimization?
Inmate victims reported that they changed their behavior to avoid future
victimization. Such behavioral alterations included avoiding certain areas, avoiding certain inmates, keeping more to themselves, and spending more time in their cells.
Describe the role of architecture and management in decreasing prison violence.
-- Prison architectural design is thought to influence the amount of violence in the institution. Many prisons are not only large but also contain areas where inmates can avoid supervision. The new generation prisons with their small housing units, clear
Formal organization: define the following terms
-- Formal organization=structure established for influencing behavior to achieve particular ends
-- If accomplishing an objective requires collective effort ppl set up an organization to help coordinate activities & to provide incentives for others to joi
Compliance= obedience to an order or request.
-- Amital Etzioni ( organizational theorist) uses the concept of compliance to an order or directive given by another person
-- In compliance relationships, an order is backed up by one's ability to induce or influence another person to carry out one's di
Remunerative Power=
ability to obtain compliance in exchange for material resources,
such as wages, fringe, benefits, or goods, which ppl exchange for compliance
Normative Power=
the ability to obtain compliance by manipulation symbolic reward
-- rest on symbolic rewards that leader manipulate through ritual, allocation of honors, & social esteem
-- the power is use to manipulate ppl through rewards
Coercive Power=
ability to obtain compliance by the application or threat of physical
force
-- Depends on applying or threatening physical force to inflict pain, restrict, movement, or control other aspects of a person's life
-- Formal organizations employ all 3 powers b
What are 5 elements of a prison's mission?
1. keep them in: facility must secure, such that inmates cant escape & contraband cant smuggle in
2. Keep them safe: inmates & staff need to be kept safe, not only form each other but from various environmental hazards as well
3. Keep them in line: prison
Describe prison warden is & what their primary duties and tasks are
-Warden ultimately responsible for the operation of the institution
- is the chief executive of the institution.
Explain and understand inmate balance theory and administrative control theory
- Inmate balance theory provides insights on the maintenance of order & prevention of collective violence In this view in order for the prison to run effectively officials must tolerate minor infractions, relax security measures, and allow inmate leaders
Understand how correctional officers use rewards and punishment
- The officers use rewards and punishment to gain cooperation, to maintain security among large population if the inmate behaves and does what the inmate is told to do so they receive rewards such as choice of job assignments, residence in the honor unit
What is an exchange relationship?
-Exchange relationship is when the inmate and the officer's work together to have a good relationship corporation between both this may mean that the officer may have to look another way for minor infractions. An example- the officers need the inmates to