Antabuse
A drug that, when combined with alcohol, causes violent nausea; it is used to control a person's drinking. (p. 127)
Authority
The ability to influence a person's actions in a desired direction without resorting to force. (p. 122)
Client-specific planning
Process by which private investigative firms contract with convicted offenders to conduct comprehensive background checks and suggest to judges creative sentencing options as alternatives to incarceration. (p. 120)
Evidence-based practice
Using correctional methods that have been shown to be effective by well-designed research studies. (p. 126)
Methadone
A drug that reduces the craving for heroin; it is used to spare addicts from painful withdrawal symptoms. (p. 127)
Motivational interviewing
A method for increasing the effectiveness of correctional treatment, in which workers interact with clients in ways that promote the clients' stake in the change process. (p. 123)
Performance-based supervision
An approach to probation that establishes goals for supervision and evaluates the effectiveness of meeting those goals. (p. 128)
Power
The ability to force a person to do something that he or she does not want to do. (p. 122)
Presentence investigation (PSI)
An investigation and summary report of a convicted offender's background, which helps the judge decide on an appropriate sentence. Also known as a presentence report. (p. 114)
Punitive conditions
Constraints imposed on some probationers to increase the restrictiveness or painfulness of probation, including fines, community service, and restitution. (p. 124)
Recidivism
The return of a former correctional client to criminal behavior, as measured by new arrests or other problems with the law. (p. 124)
Standard conditions
Constraints imposed on all probationers, including reporting to the probation office, reporting any change of address, remaining employed, and not leaving the jurisdiction without permission. (p. 124)
Technical violation
The probationer's failure to abide by the rules and conditions of probation (specified by the judge), resulting in revocation of probation. (p. 129)
Treatment conditions
Constraints imposed on some probationers to force them to deal with a significant problem or need, such as substance abuse. (p. 124)
Urinalysis
A technique used to determine whether someone is using drugs. (p. 127)
Victim impact statement
Description in a PSI of the costs of the crime for the victim, including emotional and financial losses. (p. 118)