In addition to protecting society, what does corrections help define?
The limits of behavior so that everyone in the community understands what is permissible.
What percent of all adults are under some type of correctional control?
3%
What is the relationship between the prison population and crime rate?
There is little relationship between these two pieces of data.
What is the ratio of African American Males who have been to prison?
1 out of 6
Who has the higher percentage of likelihood to end up in prison...males or females?
Males have a percentage of 11 while females are only at 2%.
What are the purposes of corrections?
-To protect society: By punishing people who break
society's rules as a method of social
control.
- Define the limits of behavior
What is the central purpose of corrections?
To carry out the criminal sentence.
What three basic concepts define the purposes/procedures of the criminal justice system?
-Offense
-Guilt
-Punishment
At what level does most criminal justice and correctional activity take place?
State level
What are the two main goals of the correctional system today?
-Punishment
-Protection
When do correctional activities make sense to society?
When prisoners are punished fairly
What are the five key issues facing corrections today?
- Conflicting goals
- Adequate Funding
- Making the bureaucracy of correctional services more
effective.
- Coordinating correctional activities across different
agencies.
- Dealing with correctional uncertainty.
Conflicting Goals
Some disagreement exists as to whether or not
prisoners can be "corrected." Issues exist regarding rehabilitation and employment among other factors.
Adequate Funding
Competition with other services for funding.
Making the Bureaucracy of correctional services more effective
Monitoring how workers use their time/energy has to become more effective.
Coordinating correctional activities across different agencies
Dispersed decision making improves interagency coordination.
Dealing with correctional uncertainty.
It is impossible to predict how individual choice will impact the system.
Professional Staff:
Psychologists, counselors, and administrators:
- Usually have at least one degree
- View themselves as members of various professions
Nonprofessional Staff:
Correctional officers
� Frequently only have a high school diploma
� Function under close supervision
What would be the effect on crime if the government increased the prison population?
No likely effect
What would be the effect on society if the gov. increased the prison population?
Increase racial inequality, distort electoral politics, and damage families and communities.
What were the main criminal punishments from the middle ages to the American revolution?
Penance and payment of fines and restitution.
What happened to the lower class citizens who did not have enough money to pay the fines/restitution?
Lower-class offenders without money received physical punishment at the hands of masters.
What was the dominant social institution during the middle ages time period?
The Church
What were the five common punishments in Europe before the 1800s except for fines?
1. Galley Slavery
2. Imprisonment
3. Transportation
4/5. Corporal Punishment & Death
Galley Slavery:
Forcing men to row ships
Imprisonment:
Offenders were incarcerated in cages, rock quarries, or even chambers
Transportation:
People who disobeyed the law were often cast out or banished
Corporal Punishment & Death:
Used extensively in Europe for many years (the Germanic Code of 1532).
What did the Scientific Revolution lead to?
Reconsidering how criminal law should be administered Redefining the goals and practices of corrections
Who was the first person to attempt to explain crime in secular, or worldly, terms instead of religious terms.
Cesare Beccaria
What are the 6 Main Principles of Classical Criminology?
- Basis of all social action must be the utilitarian concept
of the greatest good for the greatest number of
people.
- Crime must be considered an injury to society, and the
only rational measure of crime is the extent of the
injury.
- The prevention of c
What was Beccaria's view on punishment?
Punishment must be essentially public, prompt, necessary, the least possible in given circumstances, proportionate to the crime, dictated by laws. ("Let the punishment fit the crime.")
What is Utilitarianism and who was a major advocate for it?
Greatest good for greatest number.... Jeremy Bentham
What is hedonic calculus?
Pleasure v. Pain Calculation
What did Bentham create based on his utilitarian principles?
The Panopticon
What is the "rational choice theory
Criminals were childlike or unbalanced, lacking the self-discipline to control their passions by reason.
What was Bentham's view on behavior?
Behavior was not preordained, rather an exercise of free will.
What was Bentham's view on crime?
Crime not sinful but the result of improper calculation.
How did Bentham believe that criminal law should be organized?
Criminal law should be organized so that the offender would derive more pain than pleasure from a wrongful act. (hedonistic calculus).
John Howard
English prison reformer whose book The State of Prisons in England and Wales contributed greatly to the passage of the Penitentiary Act of 1779 by the House of Commons.
� County squire
� Social activist
� Sheriff of Bedfordshire
What did Howard do that pertained to the prison system?
� Shocked by conditions in English correctional facilities
� Rallied legislative interestin reform
� Major proponent of the penitentiary
� English Parliament passed Penitentiary Act of 1779
based on Howard's principles
What did the Penitentiary Act of 1779 accomplish?
- A secure and sanitary structure
- Systematic inspections
- Abolition of fees
- Reformatory regimen
What motivated correctional reform?
- Emergence of middle class
- Emergence of humanism
- The extreme harshness of punishment often led to jurors' failure to convict criminals
- Want for swift and certain sanctions
- Want to discipline the working class
Who adopted the Great Law of Pennsylvania?
William Penn
What was the Great Law of Pennsylvania based on?
Based on humane Quaker principles and emphasized hard labor in a house of correction as punishment for most crimes.
What was the one crime under the Great Law of Pennsylvania that resulted in death?
Premeditated Murder
What replaced this law in 1718?
Anglican Code
What did the Anglican Code consist of?
The Anglican Code featuring 13 laws, 12 of which were
punishable by death (larceny was the exception)
� Corporal punishment was used for a variety of offense
What principles were under the Pennsylvania System?
- Prisoners would not be treated vengefully but should
be convinced that through hard and selective forms of
suffering they could change their lives.
- Solitary confinement would prevent further corruption
inside prison.
- In isolation, offenders would re
New York Auburn State System
� Congregate System
Inmates held in isolation at night but congregated in workshops during the day under a rule of silence. Inmates were forbidden from talking or even looking at each other while working.
� Contract Labor System
Inmate labor sold on a con
Convict Lease System
- Inmates were leased to contractors who provided
prisoners with food and clothing in exchange for their
labor. In southern states, the prisoners were used as
field laborers.
- Leasing program used extensively in California,
Montana, Oregon, and Wyoming u
Who urged the adoption of the mark system?
Alexander Maconochi
Who was the superintendent of the Elmira Reformatory?
Zebulon Brockway
What age range was the Elmira Reformatory for?
Age 16-30
What are the lasting reforms?
- Indeterminate sentencing
- Inmate classification
- Rehabilitative programs
- Parole
What time period was known as the Era of Treatment?
1950s
What happened during the Era of Treatment?
Departments of Prisons became Departments of
Corrections and added diagnoses and mental health care to their objectives.
Who pushed forth the medical model?
Sanford Bates
What assumptions came out of the positivist school?
� Criminal behavior is not the result of free will but
stems from factors over which the individual has no
control:
-Biological characteristics
-Psychological maladjustments
-Sociological conditions
� Criminals can be treated so that they can lead crime-