22% discretionary release
discretion of the parole board
39% mandatory release
required to release of an inmate to concluded supervision at the expiration of a certain time period, as determined by law or parole guidelines
19% expiration release
release of an offender from custody no additional supervision; offender may not be returned to prison from any part of sentences
sir walter crofton
built on nacomochies ideas (1865-1897), ireland system (intermediate system)
alexander maconochie
key figure in parole (1787-1860)
offenders were sentenced to certain # of "marks" according to...?
severity of offense
parole guidelines
methods of structuring decisions of paroling authorities
severity scale
rats crimes according to their seriousness
salient factor score
measures the offenders criminal history/factors regarded as relevant to his/her success on parole
A prison program is...
any formal, structured activity
that takes prisoners out of their
cells and sets them to
instrumental tasks
The principle of least eligibility is...
the doctrine that prisoners ought
to receive no goods or services
in excess of those available to
people who have lived within
the law
five types of prison programs
rehabilitative, recreational, medical, maintenance, industrial
factors limiting potential prison programs
security-limit ability to obtain weapons/contraband
principle of least eligibility-prisoners cant have it better than citizens (limit pell grant)
classification- risk of escape, violence, future criminality
What is psychotherapy?
It is all forms of
treatment of the mind. Therapy address
the individual's thoughts and emotions.
In the prison setting, these therapies are
coercive in nature.
Most experts agree that mental
abnormalities play an __________
in criminality of most offenders.
insignificant role
What is coercive therapy?
It is treatment in which the
therapist determines the need
for (and the goals of) treatment
processes, whether or not the
client agrees.
What is group therapy?
It is therapy for which the setting is a
group of individuals who are seen as
having the same or similar problems
or needs. It is designed to be highly
interactive, often confrontational, as
members of the group comprise
essential elements of the therapy.
types of group therapy used in prison
reality therapy, transactional analysis, confrontational therapy, cognitive skill building
What is reality therapy?
A treatment emphasizing an offender's
personal responsibility for actions and
the very real consequences of their
actions - for themselves and others.
what is the aim of reality therapy
to encourage an individual to behave more responsibly
What is confrontational therapy?
It is a treatment technique, utilized in a group
setting, that vividly brings offender face-to-face
with the consequences of their crimes and
empathy for victim and or society.
what is the aim of confrontational therapy
to induce offenders to give up manipulative rationalization and accept responsibility for harms they caused
What is transactional analysis?
It is a treatment that focuses on how a person
interacts with others, and on patterns that indicate
personal problems.
what is the aim of transactional
to help offenders realize their problems stem
from approaching world as an angry parent or weak child,
rather than as a responsible adult.
Cognitive skill building is...
aka cognitive restructuring
a form of behavior therapy focusing on changing
the thinking and reasoning patterns that
accompany criminal behavior.
what is the aim of cognitive skill building
The aim is to teach offenders new ways to think
about themselves and their actions.
what is behavior therapy
It is a treatment that induces new behaviors through
reinforcements (rewards & punishments), role modeling, etc.
what is a token economy
a type of behavior therapy that uses payments to reinforce desirable behaviors in an institutional environment certain benefits (tv, privileges, free time) must be "purchased" with tokens.
what is social therapy
a treatment that attempts to make the institutional environment supportive of prosocial attitudes and behaviors