Pretrial diversion targets mostly what type of offenses?
a. Alcohol
b. Misdemeanor
c. Felony
d. Drug
d. drug
Judges may use a range of ________________ sanctions from those exerting a low level of control to those exerting a high level of control.
a. truth in sentencing
b. determinate
c. intermediate
d. mandatory
c. intermediate
Implementing intermediate sanctions has had three consequences. They include wider nets, stronger nets, and __________.
a. flatter nets
b. taller nets
c. weaker nets
d. different nets
d. different nets
Movement within the continuum of sanctions is contingent upon:
a. judicial discretion at each level of sentencing accountability.
b. program availability at each level of sentencing accountability.
c. performance at each level of sentencing accountability
c. performance at each level of sentencing accountability.
A __________ condition establishes a sum of money that must be paid by the offender either to the victim or to a public fund for victims of crime.
a. service
b. remunerative
c. restitution
d. recompense
c. restitution
Studies of community service and restitution programs have generally found them vulnerable to:
a. political attacks by conservative politicians.
b. budget cuts, since most are perceived as "extras."
c. the problem of net widening.
d. all of these.
c. the problem of net widening
Early evaluations of intensive supervision reflect which the following?
a. Offenders are likely to commit a serious offense in six months
b. More technical violations occur than with traditional probation
c. Little money is saved
d. Probation officers dis
b. More technical violations occur than with traditional probation
Proponents of boot camps argue that young offenders get involved in crime because:
a. they lack self-esteem.
b. they lack decent job skills.
c. they lack education.
d. they lack both self-esteem and decent job skills.
a. they lack self-esteem
Corrections systems located only a few miles apart can:
a. be strikingly similar.
b. vary dramatically.
c. have much in common.
d. not vary dramatically.
b. vary dramatically
Studies of nonprison alternatives find that even the most successful programs enroll _________ offenders who would otherwise have been incarcerated?
a. a majority of
b. a substantial number of
c. a minority of
d. numerous
c. a minority of
What group(s) is/are affected by the bias that can be present in selecting who receives intermediate sanctions over others?
a. Whites and juveniles
b. Men
c. Non-English speakers and the foreign born
d. Both non-whites and women
c. both non-whites and women
The concept of community corrections is best understood as a goal. That goal clearly is to:
a. save money.
b. reduce reliance on prisons.
c. reduce crime.
d. both save money and reduce reliance on prisons.
b. reduce reliance on prisons
Americans have traditionally tended to equate which of the following most with punishment?
a. Probation
b. Prison
c. Parole
d. House arrest
b. prison
Widespread adoption of intermediate sanctions may further exacerbate ________in prison populations?
a. racial disparities
b. overcrowding
c. gang tensions
d. mental illness
a. racial disparities
The new movement that seeks to establish correctional programs falling between standard probation and prison is called:
a. penal sanctions.
b. probation.
c. primary sanctions.
d. intermediate sanctions.
d. intermediate sanctions
New alternative programs are filled with people who formerly would have been placed __________.
a. on regular probation
b. in prison
c. in shock incarceration
d. acquitted
a. on regular probation
A major criticism of probation, as traditionally practiced, is that:
a. it is too impersonal.
b. the probation officers don't really care about the client.
c. it is inadequate for a large number of offenders.
d. there aren't enough offenders to make it wo
c. it is inadequate for a large number of offenders
Home confinement is best suited to:
a. situational offenders.
b. offenders with substance abuse issues.
c. offenders with relatively long sentences.
d. low-risk offenders with relatively stable residences
d. low-risk offenders with relatively stable residences
More than two-thirds of people under correctional authority are:
a. in prison.
b. under community supervision.
c. guilty.
d. mentally ill.
b. under community supervision
Of the following populations who are the most statistically likely to get in trouble with the law and eventually end up in prison?
a. The mentally ill
b. Children of people who have been incarcerated
c. Spouses of people who have been incarcerated
d. Indi
b. Children of people who have been incarcerated
Judges sometimes complain that their sentencing choices are:
a. too harsh.
b. too lenient.
c. limited.
d. ill-advised.
c. limited
Over __________ dollars in fines is collected annually in the United States.
a. 25 million
b. 675 million
c. 1 billion
d. 3.7 billion
c. 1 billion
Probation granted under conditions of strict reporting to a probation officer with a limited caseload is known as:
a. intensive supervision program
b. .presentence investigation
c. supervision intensive program
d. individual program supervision
a. intensive supervision program
Because intermediate sanctions rely on discretion there is an opportunity for:
a. clemency.
b. forgiveness.
c. amnesty.
d. bias.
d. bias
Alternative sanctions tend to be designed for:
a. women.
b. juveniles.
c. men.
d. misdemeanants.
c. men
The cost of prison continues to increase with the rising number of offenders entering the system.
true
All evaluations of intensive supervision found that probation officers uncovered more rules violations than they did in regular probation.
true
The most important issue concerning use of intermediate sanctions has to do with prison overcrowding.
false
Probation centers are where persistent probation violators reside for short periods of time.
true
According to the text, there is strong evidence that traditional probation is ineffective with serious offenders.
true
One strength of intermediate sanctions is that there appears to be little racial, gender, or age bias in their application.
false
A day fine lets the wealthier offenders off easier than it does the poor.
false
A continuum of sanctions means that punishments vary in intrusiveness and control.
true
Community service requires the offender to provide hours of free labor in a public place.
false
Restitution is compensation for financial, physical or emotional loss.
true
A continuum of sanctions is a range of correctional management strategies based on the degree of ___________ and __________ over the offender.
intrusiveness; control
__________measurement makes sure programs are having their intended effects.
performance
______________________ is when community programs reduce recidivism and increase their funding.
Performance-incentive funding
Community service is ___________ for an injury to society by performance of service.
compensation
Putting a person behind bars costs between 25 and 50 times as much a year as if they were on _________.
probation
_________________ develop supervision and services based on studies of "what works" to reduce recidivism.
Evidence-based practices
In the United States _________ is the most common sanction.
probation
______________________ provides incentives for people under community corrections to reduce sentences while completing programs.
Earned-compliance credit
__________ is a sum of money that the offenders must pay to the victim or to a public fund.
restitution
____________sanctions is when a client struggles under community-based alternatives can instead be monitored through other sanctions such as house arrest rather than return to prison.
administrative
ISP
targets offenders subject to incarceration
Boot camp
Designed for young offenders
Continuum of sanctions
A range of correctional management strategies
Day fine
Penalty based on offender's income
Forfeiture
Government seizes assets used in criminal activity
Restitution
Compensation for loss
Stakes
potential loss to victim/system
Principle of interchangeability
Sanctions can be calibrated & made equivalent
Community Service
Free labor as compensation
Shock Incarceration
Incarceration followed by sentence reduction