An innovative neighborhood-based approach for reducing crime and increasing public safety is:
a. restorative justice.
b. community justice.
c. community surveillance.
d. broken windows theory.
c. community serveillance
As a philosophy, community justice is based on the pursuit of justice that goes beyond the three traditional tasks which are:
a. apprehension
b. conviction
c. punishment
d. all of these.
d. all of these
Most police departments said they practiced some form of:
a. community corrections.
b. community maintenance
c. community justice.
d. community policing.
d. community policing
Victimizations rates are higher for:
a. the wealthy whites.
b. African American suburbanites.
c. African Americans and Latinos.
d. white urbanites.
a. the wealthy whites
_______________are those areas where crime seems constant; community policing attempts to change the dynamic of those areas.
a. hot spots
b. problems
c. locations
d. issues
a. hot spots
Identifying different areas where crime is most concentrated is known as:
a. neighborhood watch.
b. crime mapping.
c. community policing.
d. proactive approach.
b. crime mapping
__________ seeks to re-establish victim, offender, and community to a level of functioning that existed before the criminal event.
a. Community justice
b. Restorative function
c. Community surveillance
d. Restorative justice
d. restorative justice
By the 1990's, approximately _______percent of law enforcement agencies focused their efforts towards community policing practices.
a. 20
b. 45
c. 65
d. 80
d. 80
The community justice strategy of __________ seeks to change places where crime occurs.
a. restorative justice
b. community policing
c. environmental crime prevention
d. all of these
c. environmental crime prevention
While traditional justice focuses on processing cases, community justice:
a. is based in a state or local jurisdiction.
b. focuses on solving crime problems.
c. seeks to punish offenders.
d. none of the above.
b. focuses on solving crime problems.
Which of the following is an argument against community justice?
a. impingement on individual rights
b. social inequality
c. increasing costs
d. all of these
d. all of these
The traditional criminal justice system is concerned almost exclusively with:
a. winning.
b. offenders.
c. victims.
d. safety.
b. offenders
We have spatial concentration in the United States because neighborhoods are:
a. poor.
b. integrated.
c. assimilated.
d. segregated.
d. segregated
When a neighborhood is plagued by arrests, incarceration, joblessness, crime, and poverty, it is an example of a phenomenon known as:
a. concentrated space.
b. determined space.
c. spatial concentration.
d. spatial application.
c. spatial concentration
The number of minority children with fathers in prison or jail is approximately:
a. 500,000.
b. 1 million.
c. 1.5 million.
d. 2 million.
d. 2 million
The growth of new and innovative community justice projects has been remarkably:
a. slow.
b. fast.
c. unwelcome.
d. measured.
b. fast
The community policing movement had become enormously successful by the end of the:
a. 1970s.
b. 1980s.
c. 1990s.
d. 2000s.
c. 1990s
Environmental crime prevention specialists work to change:
a. the places crime tends to occur.
b. the crimes that tend to occur.
c. common patrols routes.
d. the manner of police dispatch.
a. the places crime tends to occur
Research has shown that, when compared with traditional criminal justice, restorative justice programs result in greater _________for both victims and offenders.
a. fairness
b. satisfaction
c. frustration
d. disappointment
b. satisfaction
Community justice attempts to:
a. apply strategies uniformly.
b. tailor strategies individually.
c. apply strategies in concert.
d. tailor strategies to the law.
b. tailor strategies individually
People in poor communities tend to tell researchers that they want:
a. bad guys off their streets.
b. bad guys sent to prison.
c. for people not to go to prison.
d. to move out of their neighborhoods.
c. for people not to go to prison.
The idea of community justice is very:
a. out of favor.
b. marginalized.
c. dangerous.
d. popular.
d. popular
Traditional criminal justice is:
a. proactive.
b. reactive.
c. inactive.
d. active.
b. reactive
_________________is mutual trust among neighbors combined with the willingness to intervene for the common good.
a. collective efficacy
b. community policing
c. proactive policing
d. spatial concentration
a. collective efficacy
Traditional criminal justice employs_______ strategies.
a. judicial
b. adversarial
c. reparative
d. individualized
b. adversarial
The community justice approach combines crime control and rehabilitation.
false
Nowhere in the world, and at no time in history, has there been an equal to the massive United States system of punishment.
true
Community justice approaches always respect individual rights.
false
Citizens and victims are involved in sentencing decisions to increase their confidence in the wisdom of the sanctions.
true
Offender community service gives sanctions to offenders and restores victims and their communities.
true
Citizen partnerships between justice agencies and citizen groups improve the legitimacy of justice programs.
true
There are four basic types of restorative justice strategies�victim-offender mediation, community boards, family group conferencing and circle sentencing.
true
Crime mapping identifies where the problem of crime is most concentrated.
true
Citizen advisory boards help identify and prioritize local crime problems.
true
__________percent of all males will be incarcerated in their lifetime.
7
Locations with a substantial concentration of crime are known as ____________.
hot spots
Four factors have influenced the growth of the penal system including age, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status and ___________.
gender
Community justice is based on the __________ rather than on the ________________.
neighborhood; legal jurisdiction
Most of the people who cycle through __________, prisons and parole come from a limited number of impoverished communities
probation
A strategy to redirect funds currently spent on prisons to community public safety projects is ______________________.
justice reinvestment
__________________is when certain neighborhoods have very high numbers of arrests and of people going to prison.
spatial concentration
___________________is the solution sought under the problem-solving philosophy of community justice.
Restorative
Having a father go to prison contributes to a range of developmental problems, emotional problems and ______________for children.
delinquency
Research has shown that problems of violence stem directly from problems of _________________.
social disorganization
Spatial concentration
Neighborhoods where arrests and going to prison are common
Community justice
Improve and strengthen communities
Collective efficacy
Willingness to intervene on behalf of the common good
Environmental crime prevention
Analysis of why and where crimes tends to concentrate
Restorative justice
Offenders must admit what they have done
justice reinvestment
gives back to the community through justice
Adversarial process
Focuses on guilt and fair punishment
Problem-solving approach
Focuses on resolving the problem behind a crime
Criminal Justice
Based in a state or local jurisdiction
Social Disorganization
Concentration of social problems