penology
The study of the use of punishment for criminal acts
Corrections
Used to describe the punishment of offenders for the crimes they have committed.
panel
Pertaining to or imposing punishment
Panel code
A legislative authorization to provide a specific range of punishment for specific crime
Cesarean Baccaria
Founder of the classical school of criminology.
� created innocent until proven guilty
� right not to self incriminate
�Right to employee council
� right to prompt a speedy trial by jury
Classical school
crime causation to punishment based on the offenders free will hedonism
�Purpose of punishment is prevention of crime, emphasis or free will
� recommended penalties fit the crime
Jeremy bentham
Creator of hedonistic calculus suggesting that punishments outweigh the pleasure criminals get from committing there crime
� punishment should outweigh the pleasure derived from the criminal act
Hedonistic calculus
The idea of the main objective of an intelligent person is to achieve the most pleasure and the least amount of pain and that individuals are constantly calculating the pluses and minuses of their potential actions
Positive school
The belief that criminals do not have complete choice over there criminal actions and may commit acts that are beyond our control
� based on scientific method
� The study of physical traits and criminality(born a criminal)
Ceasare LOMBROSO
an Italian physician who in the 19th century founded the positive school
Atavism
The existence of features common in the early stages of human evolution implied that I did that criminals are bored and criminal behavior is predetermined
Neo classical school
A compromise between classical and positive schools, while holding offenders accountable for their crimes allowing for some consideration of mitigating and aggravating circumstances
�No one has complete free will, social forces affect behavior, influenced
Transportation
Used in England or the 17th and 18th century to remove criminals from society by sending them to British colonies such as America
John Howard
Reformer who was a sheriff a bed fordShire England, he encouraged legislation to do away with the fee system and become a reformer,.
(Coined the term penitentiary )
Walnut Street jail
First penitentiary in the United States
Pennsylvania system eastern penitentiary
Known as the separate is silent system of prisons operation emphasize a re-formation and avoidance of criminal contamination
�You sleep and work in separate cells
�each so had a joining exercise yard
�Given the Bible to read
Auburn system
The congregate and silent operations of phrases and which inmates were allowed to work together during the day but had to stay a separate is silent at other times
� allowed productions of goods to increase the income
� cells were really tiny because they
Southern prison
Penal for state run plantation
� prisoners grew crops
�Leasing system anyone could contract with the state for prisoner labor, prisoners were leased to work in buildings,roads,railraods
Types of prisons
Irish system
Reformatory era
Industrial prison era
Period of transition
Hands off Doctrine
Rehabilitation era
medical model
ReIntegration
Nothing works
Retribution era
Reformatory era
focus on education and vocational program, re-formation rewarded by Release
� intermediate sentencing
� classification based on character and improvement
First reformatory ElMira New York
Progressive era
Advancements with in industrialization, urbanization, technology change
� improved societal conditions and rehabilitation offenders and prisoners made products to sell
Medical model.
Focus on rehabilitation, casework approach, psychology new ways to measure mental fitness, classification system to determine best treatment. Develop different presents for different offender types
community model era
Probation, intermediate sanctions, parole, focus on the fenders adjustment into society
Retributive era
Response to more drunk and violent and property crimes, repeat offenders, prison right. Call for a need to get tough on crime. Three strike rule of a mandatory sentencing. Return to classical school of criminology
Sentencing goals of corrections
punishment, retribution ,deterrence, capitation, rehabilitation, recidivism, restitution
Major components of the criminal justice system
Police, courts, correction
Criminal justice system stages
Arrested, try, found guilty, sentence, correctional Agencies carry out sentencing
Mission of the criminal justice system
Supertek society, through surveillance, control of offenders, treatment and rehabilitation, incapacition
Government levels
Federal ( 11% prisions )
State ( 89% prisons)
Local(county / federal)
Local
Probation
Jails
Prisons
Parole
Sentencing goals
Punishment
Deterrence
Incapacitation
Rehabilitation
Restitution
Top countries of incarcerated
United states
Russia
Africa
Forms of death in the past
Stoning
Pushed off a cliff
Binding
Torture
Common-law
Also known as church law
Punishment equal to Penance and salvation in the monastery
Civil law
European central government established legal systems based on common law
Civil law (2)
�Imprisonment in the workhouse(Bridewell palace)
� Gallery slave
� imprisonment in a hawk a.k.a. an old navy ship
�Transportation:punished to a prison colony
� corporal punishment: whipping, Branding
� death by hanging
Age of Enlightenment
Based on rationalism and individualism
� from punishment to penance
�Goal was to isolate individual from society, change their thinking and behavior
Security and custody
Effective inmate classification systems