macromolecules
examples of this are carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
carbohydrates
the macromolecules that function as an immediate energy source; composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
monosaccharides
the simplest carbohydrate
disaccharides
formed by the linkage of two monosaccharides
polysaccharides
sugar chains formed by the linkage of multiple monosaccharides
lipids
fats, oils, and waxes; hydrophobic
triglycerides
3 fatty acids with a glycerol backbone; very unhealthy
saturated fats
triglycerides that have no double bonds
unsaturated fats
triglycerides that have at least multiple double bonds
monounsaturated fats
triglycerides that have one double bond
trans fats
very unhealthy fats that are artificially produced; double bonds are located on the opposite side of the carbon chain as the hydrogen atoms
cis fats
fats involving carbon chains on the same side of the double bond, resulting in a "kinked" fat molecule
phospholipids
lipids that contain a phosphate group; found in cell membrane
amipathic
a molecule with both polar and nonpolar bonds
steriods
lipids with a 4 carbon ring backbone that can have different functional groups
prostaglandins
cyclic hydrocarbon groups
proteins
the macromolecule made up of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
structural, contractile, storage, defense, transport, signaling, enzymatic
the seven classes of proteins
primary structure
the protein structure characterized as a straight sequence of amino acids
secondary structure
the protein structure characterized by a helix shape
tertiary structure
the protein structure characterized by a twisting and folding
quaternary structure
the protein structure characterized by a twisting and folding and linking of multiple chains
conjugated proteins
the term used to describe proteins that are combined with other molecules
nucleotides
building blocks for nucleic acids
7.4
typical pH of blood
stereoisomers
molecules with the same atoms in the same sequence but with a different 3D arrangement