What structure is the pacemaker of the heart?
The SA node
Which electrical activity is responsible for atrial systole?
P wave
Which electrical activity is responsible for atrial diastole?
QRS complex
Which electrical activity is responsible for atrial depolarization?
P wave
Which electrical activity is responsible for atrial depolarization?
QRS complex
Which electrical activity is responsible for ventricular systole?
QRS complex
Which electrical activity is responsible for ventricular diastole?
T wave
Which electrical activity is responsible for ventricular depolarization?
QRS complex
Which electrical activity is responsible for ventricular depolarization?
T wave
Regurgitation of blood from the ventricle to the atria would be heard during _____.
Ventricular systole
Regurgitation of blood from the ventricle to the atrium would be indicative of a(n) _____.
Insufficient valve
Which of the following bipolar leads would utilize electrodes placed on the left arm and the left leg?
Lead 3
Equation for the calculation of pulse pressure
PP = systolic pressure - diastolic pressure
2 equations for the calculation of MAP
MAP = 1/3 PP + diastolic pressure
OR
MAP = (systolic pressure + 2 x diastolic pressure) / 3
What is the correct blood pressure category for a person with a blood pressure of 120/95?
Hypertensive - Stage 1
What is the correct blood pressure category for a person with a blood pressure of 115/85?
Prehypertensive
What is the correct blood pressure category for a person with a blood pressure of 165/95?
Hypertensive - Stage 2
What is the correct blood pressure category for a person with a blood pressure of 110/70?
Normal
When a person is exercising (compared to when they are at rest), what change would you expect to see in the pulse rate?
Increase
When a person is exercising (compared to when they are at rest), what change would you expect to see in the R wave - pulse interval?
Decrease
When a person is exercising (compared to when they are at rest), what change would you expect to see in the P-R interval?
Decrease
When a person is exercising (compared to when they are at rest), what change would you expect to see in the Pulse wave amplitude?
Increase
When a person is exercising (compared to when they are at rest), what change would you expect to see in the time spent in ventricular systole?
Decrease
When a person is exercising (compared to when they are at rest), what change would you expect to see in the PERCENTAGE of time spent in ventricular systole?
Increase
When a person is exercising (compared to when they are at rest), what change would you expect to see in the systolic pressure?
Increase
When a person is exercising (compared to when they are at rest), what change would you expect to see in the MAP?
Increase
Define systolic blood pressure
The force of the blood against the walls of arteries as a result of ventricular systole.
Define diastolic blood pressure
The force of blood against the walls of arteries as a result of ventricular diastole.
Define pulse pressure
The difference between systolic BP and diastolic BP
You blood pressure is measured as ____ / ____.
systolic/diastolic
Define MAP (Mean Arterial Pressure)
The average pressure the arteries are exposed to during a single cardiac cycle.
MAP is a measure of _____.
hemodynamic perfusion pressure (how well blood is reaching individual organs).
Blood in vessels has a ____ flow.
laminar (smooth, undisrupted flow in concentric layers; makes no noise)
The indirect auscultatory method of blood pressure measurement is taken using a _____.
Sphygmomanometer (blood pressure cuff)
The first sound of Korotkoff:
Some blood flow returns at the point of systolic pressure; heard as a thumping sound (first thump)
The second sound of Korotkoff:
Last sound heard as laminar flow returns
Isoelectric line
No electrical activity is being generated by the heart.
P Wave
represents atrial depolarization; result of the activation of the SA node
QRS Complex
represents ventricular depolarization; result of the activation of the AV node
T Wave
represents ventricular depolarization
U Wave
small positive wave; final remnants of ventricular depolarization; sometimes seen after the T wave
R Wave
Peak of QRS complex (measures ECG)
S Wave
Negative deflection following the R wave
Q Wave
first downward wave of QRS complex (often absent)
P-R interval
-beginning of P wave to beginning of QRS complex
-interval between activation of SA node and activation of AV node
-used to assess the conduction of electrical activity to the ventricles
P-R segment
-end of P wave to beginning of QRS complex
-interval between atrial depolarization and ventricular depolarization
S-T segment
-end of S wave to beginning of T wave
-should be at isoelectric line b/c ventricles are uniformly excited
Q-T interval
-beginning of QRS complex to end of T wave
-period of time it takes for ventricles to depolarize and repolarize
During REST, how much of a cardiac cycle are the ventricles expected to be in systole?
40% of the cycle
During EXERCISE, how much of a cardiac cycle are the ventricles expected to be in systole?
65% of the cycle
The 2 AV valves
Tricuspid valve and Bicuspid (Mitral) valve
The 2 Semilunar valves
Pulmonary valve and Aortic valve
Insufficient valve
regurgitation/backflow of blood; OR a valve does not close completely
Stenotic valve
valve opening is reduced in size so that blood flow is restricted
Electrical activity pathway!!!!!
SA node --> AV node --> Bundle of His --> Right and Left bundle Branches --> Purkinje fibers
SA; AV; BofH; BB; PF
SA node
Sinoatrial node
AV node
Atrioventricular node
KNOW THE CARDIAC CYCLE!!!!
1) SA node generates an action potential
2) Spreads through atria, resulting in atrial depolarization - P Wave (.08-.1 sec)
3) Stimulation results in atrial systole (contraction) and stimulation of the AV node
4) Action potential from AV node conducted th
Pulse channel
Rate of change of blood pressure entering the fingertip of the subject
The flow of blood is ____ than the transmission of a pressure wave through the arteries.
slower
Pulse deficit
When the peripheral pulse is lower than the apical pulse
Peripheral pulse
correct term for a pulse that is counted in the peripheral arteries of a person
Apical pulse
number of ventricular contractions counted
Systolic murmur
-Valve that should be closed during systole but allows some backflow of blood
OR
-Valve that should be open during systole but has a reduced opening
Diastolic murmur
-Valve that should be closed during diastole but allows some backflow of blood
OR
-Valve that should be open during diastole but has a reduced opening
Which heart sounds are associated with unidirectional flow?
S1 and S2 (lub - dub)
S1
-lub
-closing of AV valves
-Heard shortly after beginning of ventricular systole
-Result of the electrical activity of the QRS complex
S2
-dub
-closing of the semilunar valves
-Heard shortly after the beginning of ventricular diastole
-Result of the electrical activity of the R wave
S3
-passive blood flow from atria into ventricles immediately after the AV valves open during atrial and ventricular diastole
-Following S2 but prior to the P wave
S4
-due to atrial systole and final filling of the ventricles
-Results from the P wave
Which of the four heart sounds is the loudest?
S1
Are AV valves or semilunar valves larger?
AV valves
Why are AV valves larger than semilunar valves??
b/c they snap shut with more force due to the high pressure developed because of ventricular systole
R-S1
-Time between ventricular depolarization (R) and closing of the AV valves
-Mechanical event is beginning of ventricular systole
T-S2
-Time between ventricular repolarization (T) and closing of the semilunar valves
-Mechanical event is the beginning of ventricular diastole
S1-S2
-Time between closing of the AV valves and closing of the semilunar valves
-Completion of ventricular systole and beginning of ventricular diastole
-Blood is ejected from the ventricles
S2-S1
-Time between closing of the semilunar valves and closing of the AV valves
-Completion of ventricular diastole and atrial systole, followed by ventricular systole and atrial diastole
-Passive filling and final filling of the ventricles occurs during this