Chapter 10

What type of receptors are the hair cells of the ear?

Mechanoreceptors

What specific area of a neuron could be considered the integrator?

Trigger zone

Which of the following can be mediated by nociceptors?

pain and itch

Which of the following structures contains sensory receptors for hearing?

Cochlea

What mechanism causes hair cell depolarization as stereocilia bend in response to sound waves?

Tip links open ion channels, which causes membrane depolarization.

Which structure(s) contain(s) receptors that detect rotation of the head?

Semicircular canals

Which of the following structures focuses light for clear vision?

Lens

Vision is especially acute in the fovea and surrounding macula. This is due to a high density of cone cells and which other reason?

There are no blood vessels or neurons covering the cones.

Which of the following correctly describes how a photoreceptor responds to light?

The receptor hyperpolarizes, decreasing the amount of neurotransmitter it releases

Which of the following would be an adequate stimulus for a mechanoreceptor?

cell stretch

Which of the following would be an adequate stimulus for a chemoreceptor?

oxygen

Identify the FALSE statement regarding sensory receptor cells.

Each type of sensory receptor responds only to the stimulus that defines the receptor.

A graded change in membrane potential within a sensory receptor cell is always called a(n)

receptor potential

Opening a Na+ channel is a non-neural sensory receptor cell would cause that cell to

decrease neurotransmitter release

With the exception of olfaction, all sensory pathways first travel to the ____, which acts as a relay and processing station.

thalamus

A receptor potential is

a graded potential

The two-point discrimination test

provides a measure of receptive field size for touch receptors

Convergence describes

how many primary sensory neurons synapse on a single secondary neuron

The larger the receptive field, the

More primary sensory neurons synapse on a secondary sensory neuron.

Perception threshold describes the

Concept that neurons higher in the sensory pathway can dampen the intensity of a stimulus

A decrease in ones perception of a stimulus who intensity has not change due to higher neural inhibition is

habituation

The intensity of a stimulus can be determined within the central nervous system by

Population coding or frequency coding

The modality of a stimulus can be determined within the central nervous system by

adequate stimulus for sensory receptor cell

Tonic receptors

slowly decrease the frequency of action potentials generated to the constant stimulus

Phasic receptors

are quick to adapt to a particular stimulus intensity

Which of the following are responsible for a receptor adapting to a stimulus

Na + Channel inactivation or K+ Channel opening

Match the stimulus to the type of receptor that typically response to it = oxgyen

chemoreceptor

Match the stimulus to the type of receptor that typically response to it = pH

Chemoreceptor

Match the stimulus to the type of receptor that typically response to it = Stretch

Mechanoreceptor

Match the stimulus to the type of receptor that typically responses to it = pressure

Mechanorceptor

which of the following is not a somatosensory modality

Vision

Which of the following statements regarding pathways for somatic projection is correct

primary sensory neurons from the hands project to a specific region of the somatosensory cortex

The tactile receptor whose nerve endings are surrounded by concentric connective tissue layers is the

Pacinian corpuscle

Sensory receptors that respond when body temperature is below normal are called

Cold receptors

Nociceptors are responsible for the perception of

pain and itch

Sharp, localized (fast) pain is rapidly transmitted to the central nervous system along

small, myelinated A-delta fibers

Visceral pain is poorly localized and can be perceived to originate from a region of the body that is different from it's actual location, this is called

referred pain

Chronic pain is

only pathological

Chemicals such as histamine, prostaglandins, serotonin, and substance P

only sensitize and activate nociceptors

in addition to temperature, cold receptors respond to

menthol

The gate control theory of pain modulation states that pain transmission can be blocked by

mechanical stimulation of A-beta fibers

Beta-endorphin is produced from the same prohormone as

Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)

Match the type of receptor with the appropriate description -- the most studied examples of this type of phasic receptors called pacinian corpuscles

touch receptors

Neuronal cells that are short-lived and therefore are frequently replaced are

olfactory receptors.

When Golf is activated, which of the following steps in the olfactory cells contribute to their depolarization?

increases in adenylate cyclase activity and cAMP concentrations

Gustatory cells that respond to sour via release of serotonin are called

type III taste cells.

Gustatory cells that respond to sweet, bitter or umami are called

type II cells.

________ is released from type II cells to stimulate primary gustatory neurons.

ATP

Umami is

a taste receptor cell activated by glutamate and nucleotides.

Signal transduction in the type II taste cells relies on the G protein

gustducin.

There are ________ primary taste (gustation) sensations.

5

These are probably the oldest sensory receptors as evidenced by their existence in primitive animals that do not have formalized nervous systems.

chemoreceptors

The loudness or intensity of a sound wave is related to its

amplitude.

The pitch of a sound wave is related to its

frequency.

The primary purpose of the middle ear bony structures (maleus, incus and stapes) is to

amplify the vibration as it conducts to the cochlea.

The ion channels that transduce the vibration of the cochlea into receptor potentials are located on the

stereocilia.

The external auditory canal ends at the

tympanic membrane.

The bones within the middle ear connect the

tympanic membrane to the oval window.

Sound waves are converted into mechanical movements (vibrations) by the

tympanic membrane.

A structure that allows the middle ear to communicate with the nasopharynx is the

eustachian tube.

The structure that overlies the organ of Corti and is attached to the tips of the hair cells is the

tectorial membrane.

The structure that separates the cochlear duct from the tympanic duct is the

basilar membrane.

The highest frequency sound is detected by

hair cells located near the oval window end of the basilar membrane.

Louder noises result in action potentials in the sensory neuron that are

more frequent.

Collateral pathways take vestibular receptor signals from the medulla to the

reticular formation and cerebellum.

The hair cell of the cochlea is depolarized when the stereocilia are bent

towards the tallest stereocilia.

The receptors of equilibrium and hearing are the

hair cells.

Which structures monitor rotational acceleration of the head?

cristae of the semicircular canals

Sensations of the forces of gravity and linear acceleration are detected in the

saccule and utricle.

The cilia of the hair cells of the semicircular canals are embedded in the

cupula.

The vitreous chamber of the eye

helps to stabilize the structure of the eye and the retina.

The central opening in the eye through which the light passes on to the retina is the

pupil.

The ciliary muscle helps to

control the shape of the lens.

An area of the retina that contains only cones and is the site of sharpest vision is the

fovea.

Accommodation describes the focusing of light on the retina by changing

the shape of the lens.

A blind spot in the retina occurs where

the optic nerve leaves the eye.

Which of the following cells is NOT localized to the retina?

vertical

The photosensitive pigment synthesized from vitamin A is

retinal.

On a dark night, the rods have a high concentration of

cGMP.

Which of the following cells involved in processing visual information in the retina synapse with the rods?

horizontal, ganglion, and bipolar

Photoreceptors secrete the neurotransmitter

glutamate.