Define interstitial fluid, indicating if it is inside or outside cells (intracellular or extracellular).
Interstitial fluid is extracellular fluid outside the circulatory system and the cells.
What is the name of the hollow interior of an organ?
Lumen
Which two fluid compartments make up the extracellular fluid?
Plasma and interstitial fluid
Cell membranes are mainly constructed from ________
lipids and proteins
**Cells may store carbohydrates in the form of these cellular inclusions:
glycogen granules.
**What is the function of cilia in human cells?
Cilia beat rhythmically to move substances across the surface of the ciliated cells.
**The inclusions that destroy protein are called
proteasomes.
Tay-Sachs disease, which results from accumulation of glycolipids that are normally broken down, is associated with malfunction of which cellular component(s)?
Lysosomes
Of the protein synthesis events shown below, which occurs earliest in the process?
Ribosomes attach to the endoplasmic reticulum.
**What is the importance of having routine pap tests?
to screen for potentially cancerous cells
**Which of the following statements best describes cancer?
It is a rapid division and growth of cells that do not differentiate into specialized cells.
**Megan goes in to see her oncologist (a doctor that specializes in cancer). He tells her that the cancer is no longer isolated to her ovaries but has moved to her lungs, digestive organs, and lymph nodes. What is this condition defined as?
metastasis
**If you are a cytologist screening for cancerous cells in a pap smear sample, what would you be looking for?
large cells with big nuclei and a small amount of cytoplasm
**Upon looking at a tissue sample, you see all the signs indicative of epithelial cell dysplasia. Can you conclude with certainty that the sample is cancerous?
No, trauma as well as HPV infection can cause cellular abnormalities, which are not necessarily cancerous.
Which tissues would likely have cells with the greatest number of gap junctions?
Cardiac muscle
Which tissue can generate electrical signals?
Smooth muscle
Undifferentiated cells in a tissue that can become specialized cells of that tissue, but not of other tissues, are ________ cells.
multipotent
Functions of the cell membrane include physical isolation of the cell from its surroundings, regulation of exchange, structural support, and which other function?
Communication between the cell and its environment
The space that is surrounded by the tissue wall of hollow organs is known as
the lumen.
The lumen of a hollow organ such as the stomach is considered to be part of the ________ environment.
external
When cancer develops in one tissue and spreads to another via the blood or the lymph, the cancer is said to have undergone what process?
metastasis
The watery medium that surrounds a cell is known as
extracellular fluid
Which of the following terms is NOT used to define the structure that separates the contents of a human cell from its surrounding medium?
a cell wall
Which of the following is NOT a function of membrane proteins?
act as transport molecules for various solutes
produce energy
bind to ligands
anchor or stabilize the cell membrane
regulate the passage of ions
produce energy
Cell membranes are said to be
selectively permeable.
What is/are the major role(s) of the phospholipid bilayer?
the formation of a barrier that is selectively permeable to lipid-soluble molecules and to provide a framework for membrane proteins
Which of the following is NOT a membrane lipid?
sphingolipids
phospholipids
cholesterol
All are membrane lipids.
All are membrane lipids.
Which cellular organelle is a lipid bilayer that controls which objects can leave or enter the cell?
plasma membrane
Cell membranes are said to be ________ because they allow some substances to pass but not others.
selectively permeable
The nucleus is surrounded by a
nuclear envelope.
Communication between the nucleus and cytosol occurs through
nuclear pores
________ proteins extend all the way across the cell membrane
Integral
________ proteins attach loosely to other membrane proteins or polar regions of phospholipids.
Peripheral
A liposome is
an additive to creams and lotions and a drug-delivery vehicle.
Intermediate filaments
form the neurofilaments in nerve cells.
provide the cell with strength.
stabilize the position of organelles.
transport materials within the cytoplasm.
All of the answers are correct.
All of the answers are correct.
The cellular organelle(s) responsible for packaging and transporting proteins is/are the
Golgi complex
An immunoliposome is a liposome that
can recognize cancer cells.
Each of the following is an example of a nonmembranous organelle except one. Identify the exception.
lysosome
The thickest protein fibers from the following group are
microtubules.
Ribosomal RNA is formed by
nucleoli.
Each of the following statements concerning mitochondria is TRUE except one. Identify the exception.
The mitochondria contain no DNA or RNA.
In humans, only ________ cells have flagella.
sperm
Tay-Sachs is a disease caused by having ineffective
lysosomes
Microvilli are found
in cells that are actively engaged in absorption.
Microtubules
All of the answers are correct.
Centrioles
direct the movement of DNA during cell division.
Most of the ATP required to power cellular operations is produced in the
mitochondria.
Which does NOT accurately complete the sentence? One of the major functions of both types of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the
storage of genetic material for the cell.
All of the following are synthesized along various sites of the endoplasmic reticulum except one. Identify the exception.
RNA
Which of the following is NOT a molecule synthesized in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?
proteins
Which of the following consists of a network of intracellular membranes with attached ribosomes?
rough endoplasmic reticulum
All of the structures listed below are involved in storage, EXCEPT
secretory vesicles.
lysosomes.
peroxisomes.
storage vesicles.
All are involved in cellular storage.
All are involved in cellular storage.
The proteins synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum are then sent to
the Golgi complex for packaging.
If a cell lacked lysosomes, it would not be able to
digest cellular wastes and bacteria.
Which substance is responsible for activating the digestive enzymes inside lysosomes?
acid
The control center for cellular operations is the
nucleus.
The nucleus stores all the information needed to synthesize which of the following molecules?
proteins
carbohydrates
phospholipids
lipids
All of the answers are correct.
All of the answers are correct.
The term secretion refers to
the process by which a cell releases a substance into the extracellular space for a particular use.
Which cellular organelle is considered the powerhouse of the cell?
mitochondria
Movement of material between cells is known as the ________ pathway.
paracellular
Functions of epithelia include all of the following EXCEPT
storing energy reserves.
Epithelial cells that are adapted for membrane transport of materials, such as ions and nutrients, usually have ________ on their apical surface.
microvilli
The term meaning programmed cell death is
apoptosis
Groups of tissues that carry out related functions may form structures known as
organs.
All but one of the structures listed below are a type of cell junction. Identify the exception.
loose junctions
The esophagus is a tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach. It does not secrete any enzymes or absorb any nutrients, but it does need to stand up to significant friction and stress. The type of epithelium most likely lining the esophagus woul
stratified squamous epithelium.
The type of protein found in gap junctions is the
connexin.
Disappearance of which type of junction most likely contributes to the metastasis of cancer cells throughout the body?
anchoring
The types of junction proteins important in growth and development are
CAMs.
Each of the following is a primary tissue type except one. Identify the exception.
osseous tissue
The term meaning a mitotic population of cells that persists into adulthood applies to
stem cells
Match the type of cell junction with the best description.
A. gap junction
B. tight junction
C. anchoring junction
their loss is characteristic of cancer
anchoring junction
If an animal cell lacked centrioles, it would not be able to
undergo nuclear division
Neurons in the CNS of the adult don't contain centrioles. What does that tell you about CNS neurons?
They don't replicate themselves.
The heaviest organ in the body is the
skin