Physiology
Study of functions of living things; study of how our bodies are controlled
Purpose (Why) and Mechanism (How)
What two approaches are used to explain body functions?
Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Body System, Organism
Name the 6 levels of organization
Individual Cell Survival
Basic cell functions=
Survival of the whole body
Specialized cell functions=
Basic Cell Functions
�Obtain nutrients and oxygen from surrounding environment
�Perform chemical reactions that provide energy for the cell
�Synthesize needed cellular components
Basic Cell Functions
�Eliminate CO2 and other wastes to surrounding environment
�Control exchange of materials between cell and surrounding environment
�Sense and respond to changes in surrounding environment
�Reproduction
Nerve and Muscle Cells
Which types of cells lose their ability to reproduce during early development?
Tissue
Group of cells with similar structure and specialized function
Muscle, Nervous, Epithelial, Connective
What are the four primary types of tissues?
Muscle
Tissue specialized for contracting, generating tension, and producing movement
Pull Push
Muscles ____. They do not ____.
Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth,
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal
Which muscle type is voluntary?
Cardiac and Smooth
Which muscle types are involuntary?
Nervous
�Tissue type consisting of cells specialized for initiating and transmitting electrical impulses
�Found in brain, spinal cord, and nerves
Connective
�Tissue type that connects, supports, and anchors various body parts
�Distinguished by having relatively few cells interspersed within an abundance of extracellular material
�Ex-Tendons, bone and blood
Epithelial
Tissue type that consists of cells specialized for exchanging materials between the cell and environment
Organ
Two or more types of primary tissues that function together to perform a particular function
Body System
Group of organs that perform related functions and interact to accomplish a common activity essential to survival of the whole body
11
How many human body systems are there?
Circulatory, Digestive, Endocrine, Immune, Integumentary, Muscular, Nervous, Reproductive, Respiratory, Skeletal, Urinary
Name the 11 body systems
Homeostasis
Maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment that is essential for survival and function of all cells
Extracellular Fluid
Fluid environment in which cells live; made up of plasma and interstitial fluid
Intracellular Fluid
Fluid contained within all body cells
90
______ % of our body is water
Stimulus
Change in the external environment
Nutrients, Oxygen, Water, Stable body temperature
What are the four survival needs?
Maintaining boundaries, Movement/Growing, Responsiveness, Digestion/Metabolism, Excretion of wastes, Reproduction
What are the six necessary life functions?
Circulatory
Which body system carries materials from one part of the body to another?
Digestive
Which body system breaks down dietary food into smaller molecules that can be distributed to body cells; transfers water and electrolytes from external environment to internal environment; and eliminates undigested food residues to environment in the fece
Respiratory
Which body system gets O2 from and eliminates CO2 to the external environment and is important in maintenance of proper pH of the internal environment?
Urinary
Which body system removes excess water, salt, acid, and other electrolytes from plasma and eliminates them in urine?
Skeletal
Which body system provides support and protection for soft tissues and organs; serves as a storage reservoir for calcium; enables movement of body and its parts; and is the source of blood cell production
Muscular
Which body system moves the bones?
Integumentary
Which body system serves as outer protective barrier and is important in regulation body temperature?
Immune
Which body system defends against foreign invaders and against body cells that have become cancerous, as well as paving the way for repairing or replacing injured or worn-out cells?
Nervous
Which body system controls and coordinates bodily activities that require rapid responses and detects and initiates reactions to changes in external environment?
Endocrine
Which body system regulates activities that require duration rather than speed, through secreting glands; as well as controlling the concentration of nutrients, and, by adjusting kidney function, controls internal environment's volume and electrolyte comp
Reproductive
Which body system is not essential for homeostasis or the survival of the individual, but is essential for perpetuating the species?
Nervous and Endocrine
Which body systems are considered control systems?
Detect deviations from normal, integrate this information, make appropriate adjustments
What three things must be done in order to maintain homeostasis?
Intrinsic and Extrinsic
What are the two classes of control systems?
Intrinsic
*Local controls that are inherent in an organ
*Cell, tissue, organ, or system automatically alters its activity to compensate for a change in the environment
Extrinsic
*Regulatory mechanism initiated outside an organ
*Accomplished by nervous and endocrine systems
Negative Feedback
*Primary type of homeostatic control
*Opposes initial change
Positive Feedback
*Amplifies initial change
Sensor, Control Center, Effector
What are the three components of a negative feedback system?
Pathophysiology
Abnormal functioning of the body associated with disease
Dynamic steady
Homeostasis is not a rigid, fixed state but a _____________ state in which the changes that do occur are minimized by compensatory physiological responses.
Dynamic
Refers to each homeostatically regulated factor being marked by continuous change
Steady State
Implies that the continuous changes of homeostasis do not deviate far from a constant level