All of the reactions in the body that require energy transfer
Metabolism
Can be divided into an anabolism or catabolism
Metabolism
Requires the input of energy to synthesize large molecules
Anabolism
Releases energy by breaking down large molecules into small molecules
Catabolism
These reactions break down glucose fatty acids and amino acids serve as energy sources for the anabolism of ATP
Catabolic reactions
This process involves many oxidation reduction reactions
Catabolism
Complete catabolism of____ requires oxygen as the final electron acceptor
Glucose
Breaking down glucose requires many enzymatically catalyzed steps the first of which are
Anaerobic
Complete catabolism of glucose requires oxygen as a final electron acceptor this process is called
Aerobic cellular respiration
Aerobic respiration glucose occurs in 3 steps
1. glycolysis, 2. citric acid cycle (Krebs) 3. electron transport
Occurs in the cytoplasm anaerobic
Glycolysis
Occurs in a matrix of the mitochondria aerobic
Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle)
Occurs in the crista of the mitochondria inner membrane aerobic
Electron transport
C6H12O6 + O2
6 H2O + ATP
The first step in catabolism of glucose
Glycolysis
Glycolysis occurs in the
Cytoplasm of the cell
Glucose is split into two Pyruvic acid molecules
6 carbon sugar -> 2 MOLECULES of 3 carbon Pyruvic acid and C6 H12 O6-> 2 molecules of C3H4O3 ( sent to mitochindria )
In glycolysis, there is a loss of 4 hydrogen ions that are used to reduce 2 molecules of
NAD
2NAD + 4H -> 2 NADH+H (2NADH)
Exorgonic process -
Some energy is used to produce and drive the reaction ADP+P->ATP
How much net energy is gained in glycolysis
Four ATP molecules
Glucose requires activation at the beginning provided by 2P . Where does this come from
Stripped from two ATP molecules
Stripping two AP molecules from ATP prevent C glucose from diffusing back through the plasma membrane
Phosphorylates
2 ATP molecules gained
Glycolysis
When there is no oxygen to complete the breakdown of glucose in NADH has to give away its electrons to Pyruvic acid. This results in the reformation of nad and the conversion of
Pyruvic acid to lactic acid
Muscle cells can survive without oxygen for a while by using
Lactic acid fermentation
RBCs can only use lactic acid fermentation because
They lack mitochondria
Also called anaerobic metabolism or lactic acid fermentation
Lactic acid pathway
Aerobic respiration formula
C6 H12 O6 +O2->6 CO2+ 6 H2O
Similar to combustion except energy is released in small enzymatically controlled steps not in large amounts of heat
Aerobic respiration
Begins with glycolysis that produces two molecules of pyruvic acid to NADH and 2 ATP
Aerobic respiration
Pyruvic acid will be used as a_____ called the citric acid cycle and NADH will be oxidized to make ATP
Metabolic pathway
Leaves the cytoplasm and enters the interior matrix of the mitochondria
Pyruvic acid (formerly glucose broken into 2 pyruvic acids)
____ is removed to form acetic acid
Carbon dioxide
_____ is combined with coenzyme A to form acytyl CoA
Acetic acid
TCA cycle also called
Citric acid or Krebbs cycle
It is a cycle because citric acid moves through a series of reactions to produce oxaloacetic acid again
Citric acid starts the citric acid cycle
Important events in the citric acid cycle
1 guanosine triphosphate GTP is produced which donate a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP 2.) three molecules NAD are reduced to NADH 3) one molecule FAD is reduced to FADH2 4) these events occur for each acetic acid so it happens twice for each glucose
Products for each glucose in the citric acid cycle
1) 6 NADH
2) 2 FADH2
3) 2 ATP
4) 4 CO2
Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation
Occurred in folds of the cristae of the mitochindria are molecules that serve as electron transport
Including FMN coenzyme Q and several cytochrome 2) these accept electrons from NADH and FADH2 . These hydrogen are not transported with electrons3) oxidize
What is the function of electron transport molecules
They pass the electrons down the chain with each being reduced then oxidized
Energy produced is used to make ATP from ADP
It is an exorgonic reaction ATP is phosphorylate D-day process known as oxidative phosphorylaltion--- process is not 100% the difference is released as heat
Electron transport fuels proton pump which pump hydrogen from the mitochondria matrix to the space between the inner and the outer membrane this sets up huge concentration gradient between membranes. Hydrogen can only move through the inner membrane throu
Chemiosmotic theory
The coupling of electron transport to ATP production is a composed of two parts
Chemiosmotic theory and function of oxygen
The final electron acceptor without this acceptor the whole process would come to a halt
Oxygen
the citric acid cycle an electron transport require
Oxygen to continue
O2+ 4 e +4H-> 2 H2O
Formula for water reaction in body
Direct phosphorylation in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle yield 4 ATP These numbers are
Constant
___ in electron transport yields varying amounts of ATP depending on the cell and conditions.
Oxidative phosphorylation
Theoretically each n A d H yields 3 ATP and each FADH2 yields
2 ATP
_______. ___ yield is 36-38 per glucose
Theoretical ATP yield
Actual ATP yield
NADH yields 2.5 ATP and FADH2 yields 1.5 ATP.
Energy is needed to move the ATP out of the mitochondria into the cell cytoplasm. 1 glucose will actually yield 30 - 32 ATP
Cells can't store much of glucose because it will pull water into the cell via osmosis
glycogenesis
Glucose is stored as a larger molecules called _____ in the liver skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle
Glycogen
Glycogen is formed from
Glucose via glycogenesis
Glucose is phosphorylated then
Isomerized
Glycogen synthase remove the___ and joins glucose together
Phosphate
In Glycogenolysis when the cell needs a glucose it breaks____ down again
Glycogen
In Glycogenolysis the cell produces glucose 1-Phosphate. _____. _____ is the catalyst
Glycogen phosphorylase
Glucose from glycogen is in the form glucose 1 - phosphate so it cannot leave
muscle or heart cells
The liver has an enzyme called _____ _ ____that removes the phosphate so glucose can we enter the bloodstream
Glucose 6 - phosphate
____ ____ can be used in cellular respiration to produce carbon dioxide and water skeletal muscles make too much so it shipped to the liver.
Lactic acid
The enzyme in the liver that converts lactic acid to pyruvic acid and NADH
Lactic acid dehydrogenase
The ____. ____ is where lactic acid is dealt with in the cells
Cori cycle
The liver can convert pyruvic acid to glucose 6-phosphate this can be used to make glycogen or glucose in the reverse of glycolysis. Glucose can return to muscle cells which completes the Cori cycle
The Cori cycle
___. And ____ can also be used for energy via the same pathways used for the metabolism of pyruvic acid
Lipids and proteins
When more food energy is taken into the body than is needed to meet the energy demands we can't store ATP for later instead of glucose is converted into ____. ___and ATP production is inhibited
glycogen and fat
As ATP levels rise after an energy rich meal production of___ is inhibited
atp
Glucose doesn't complete glycolysis to form pyruvic acid and the acetyl CoA already formed is joined together to produce a variety of lipids including
Cholesterol keytone bodies and fatty acids
Fatty acids combined with glycerol to form _____ in the adipose tissue and liver
triglycerides
This process is lipogenesis
White adipose tissue is fat stored as
Triglycerides
_____ breaking triglycerides down into fatty acids and glycerol using the enzyme latte
Lipolysis
In this process fatty acids can enter the bloodstream as blood borne energy carriers and be used for energy elsewhere. Glycerol is then taken up by the liver and converted to glucose through gluconegenes
Lipolysis
This type of fat is used in thermogenesis
Brown fat or brown adipose tissue
Liver cells convert fatty acids to acetyl CoA and then into
Ketone bodies
Ketone bodies circulate in the blood and they are
water soluble
Buildup of ketone bodies in the blood is called
Ketosis
when the right of lipolysis exceed the rate of fatty acid utilization (dieting diabetes )the concentration of fatty acids in the blood
Increases
Proteins provide ____for the body
Nitrogen
____. _____ from dietary protein are needed to replace proteins in the body
Amino acids
If more amino acids are consumed than are needed the excess can be used for energy or converted into
Carbohydrates or fat
Our bodies can make 12 of the 20 amino acids from other molecules 8 of them must come from my diet and are called
Essential amino acids
Pyruvic acid and citric acid cycle intermediates called keto acid can be converted to by adding an ___ ___ . This process is called Transamination
Amne group
Dis there are more amino acids that needed the amine group from glutamic acid can be stripped and excreted
As urea in the urine
___. ____ sometimes form pyruvic acid or another citric acid cycle intermediate
Oxidative deamination
The formation of glucose from amino acids is called gluconeogenesis and occurs in the
Cori cycle
In oxidative deamination The main substrates are 3 - carbon molecules
Alanine, lactic acid glycerol
Glucose and ketone bodies come from
the liver
Fatty acids come from
Adipose tissue
Lactic acid and amino acid come from
Muscle
The first step in cellular respiration
Glycolysis
A common end product of red blood cells
Lactic acid
during this cycle the following things occur two molecules of FA dh2 are produced per molecule of glucose and addition of acetyl CoA to oxaloacetic acid start the cycle and GTP is produced and converted to ATP
Krebs cycle
Glycogen stored in this tissue can be used to produce free glucose
Liver
The product of beta oxidation is metabolized by the actions of
The Krebs cycle
Amino acid metabolism involves what
Oxidative Deanimation trans animation and the kreb cycle
A lack of blood glucose would have the greatest effect on
The brain
Metabolism of triglycerides utilizes
Beta oxidation
The common intermediate of carbohydrate protein and lipid metabolism is
Acetyl CoA