adrenal medulla
Which of the following is a modified sympathetic ganglion?
Hypothalamus
Thyroid gland
Thalamus
Adrenal medulla
airway constriction
Which of these is an effect of the parasympathetic nervous system?
Airway constriction
Increased heart rate
Bladder relaxation
Increased renin secretion
sympathetic; either increase or decrease, depending upon the type of receptor present
The diameter of blood vessels varies under the control of ________ neurons, which cause the diameter to ________.
sympathetic; either increase or decrease, depending upon the type of receptor present
autonomic; either increase or decrease, depending upon
sympathetic nervous system
Which system in place?
Blood glucose levels--if you just had breakfast and have not had lunch yet, what would bring out some glucose?
Blood flow--if you jumped up all of a sudden and get dizzy, what would correct it?
sympathetic
Which system always activated?
Sweat glands
Vasoconstriction/vasodilation
somatosensory, visceral, exteroceptors, interoceptors
What receptors are involved in autonomic reflexes?
1 . Hypothalamus (osmoreceptors, themoreceptors, responses to hunger)
2. Medulla and pons: (heart rate center, breathing center, blood pressure--primitive part of the brain)
3. Limbic system and cerebral cortex (behavior responses)
Homeostatic control centers
PNS: 2 neurons
Preganglionic---autonomic ganglion--postganglionic--target
Synapse in autonomic ganglion!
There is often divergence here and can have multiple effects
General efferent pathway: (coming from CNS)
Where is the synapse?
sympathetic system. Called this as well because of where it enters and exits the spinal cord. Thoracic and lumbar vertebrae.
What is the thoracolumbar division?
1. Short preganglionic fiber to sympathetic trunk or collateral ganglia
2. Synapse in the ganglia
3. Long postganglionic fiber to effector
Discuss the general efferent pathway from the sympathetic pathway
1. ACh with nicotinic cholinergic receptors at first efferent synapse (in ganglion) ALWAYS FIRST COMBO AFTER CNS
2. Then, at the neuroeffector junction....norepinephrine or epinephrine is realized and attached to adrenergic receptors (alpha or beta recept
What neurotransmitters and receptors are in the sympathetic pathway?
It goes from the CNS to the adrenal medulla.
1. Here ACh is released from the neuron from the CNS and attaches to nicotinic cholinergic receptors.
2. Medulla serves as the postganglionic cells--direct release of epinephrine to the bloodstream as a neuroho
There is an alternate pathway for the sympathetic system after the CNS. Instead of going to a ganglion and then a target organ...
the parasympathetic pathway (starts in cranium ends in sacrum)
What is the craniosacral division?
1. Long preganglionic fiber
2. short postganglioic fiber to effector
Vagus nerve comprises 75% of the pathway
Control head, neck, and visceral organs.
Discuss the general efferent pathway from the parasympathetic pathway
1. CHS, long preganglionic fiber to the ganglion where ACH is released and attaches to cholinergic receptors
2. 2nd neuron fires and releases ACh which bind to MUSCARINIC cholinergic receptors at neuroeffector
What neurotransmitters and receptors are in the parasympathetic pathway?
Varicosities (like a swelling)
-Many are along an axon
-Produce neurotransmitter
-Action can be modulated
Neuroeffector junctions--you use _______ instead of traditional terminals
1. Alpha (?) receptors
?1 & ?2
Norepinephrine (NE) - strong response, epinephrine (E) - weak response
2. Beta (?) receptors
?1 - equal response to NE & E
Effector cells innervated by sympathetic system
?2 - stronger response to E
Effector cells not innerv
Name and describe the sympathetic system subtypes of receptors:
Alpha (2)
Beta (3)
1: NE and E equally
2: strong to E
3. strong to NE
B1 responses to:
B2 responds to:
B3 responds to:
ACh w/nicotinic cholinergic receptors at neuroeffector
What neurotransmitters and receptors are involved in the somatic motor division?
Muscle contraction
The neurotransmitter that controls skeletal muscle causes which of the following?
The neurotransmitter that controls skeletal muscle causes which of the following?
Muscle contraction or relaxation, depending on the type of receptor
Muscle contraction
Musc
AChE inhibition would delay the removal of ACh from the synaptic cleft.
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor administration is a common treatment for myasthenia gravis. Why would this help alleviate some of the symptoms of this autoimmune disease?
AChE inhibition would stimulate muscle cells to produce ACh receptors.
AChE in
Different receptors for the same neurotransmitter
Sometimes the effects of sympathetic stimulation can be contradictory in the same types of tissue. For example, in the arterioles of the GI tract, sympathetic stimulation causes constriction while arterioles of skeletal muscle can dilate in response to sy
autonomic; constrict under parasympathetic control and dilate under sympathetic control
The diameter of bronchioles varies under the control of ________ neurons, which cause the diameter to ________.
beta-2
Which adrenergic receptor subtype has the greatest affinity for epinephrine?
beta-3, alpha-1
Which adrenergic receptor subtype has the greatest affinity for norepinephrine?
beta-1
Which adrenergic receptor subtype equal affinity for NE and E?
somatic motor neurons, sympathetic neurons, parasympathetic neurons
Which of the following are components of the efferent nervous system?
somatic motor neurons
brain
spinal cord
sympathetic neurons
parasympathetic neurons
all autonomic nervous system
Somatic nervous system or autonomic nervous system?
adrenal sympathetic pathways
sympathetic pathways
parasympathetic pathways
postganglionic autonomic neuron
A neuron that receives an action potential from another neuron and then delivers that action potential to a smooth muscle ____________.
ganglion
A location outside of the CNS where autonomic signals can synapse ____________
preganglionic autonomic neuron
A neuron that delivers an action potential from the CNS to another neuron in the PNS ____________
somatic motor neuron
A neuron that delivers an action potential from the CNS to a skeletal muscle
skeletal muscle, glands, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle
Which of the following is/are targets of the efferent nervous system?
skeletal muscle
medulla oblongata
glands
cerebral cortex
cardiac muscle
thalamus
smooth muscle
somatic
A single neuron is stimulated at the central nervous system; this signal travels all the way to the target tissue, where the neurotransmitter acetylcholine is released onto the target tissue. The acetylcholine binds to a nicotinic receptor to induce skele
All ACh except postganglionic neuron from the sympathetic system
NE: alpha 1, beta 1
ACh: muscarinic, nicotinic
E: Alpha 1, beta 2, beta 1
No, because the receptors found on the target tissue for each pathway are different.
The somatic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system both release acetylcholine (ACh) onto their target tissues. Do you predict that this would indicate that these two pathways carry out the same effects? Why or why not?
1. change the functionality of the heart
2. change the functionality of the smooth muscles within the digestive system
3. change the functionality of certain exocrine and endocrine glands
(no change in skeletal muscle)
Muscarine, a chemical produced by certain mushrooms, binds to muscarinic receptors mimicking the effect of acetylcholine. How do you think administering this chemical would change body function? The drug would _____________.
An action potential at the axon terminal opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels.
What is the trigger for ACh release into the synaptic cleft of a neuromuscular junction?
Acetylcholinesterase opens vesicles allowing ACh to diffuse into the cleft.
An action potential at the axon terminal opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels.
Receptors for