What is the most common type of hormone?
Peptides
The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually
a G protein
The outer layer of the adrenal gland is called the adrenal
cortex
Neurohormones are classified as such because _______.
they are produced by neurons
The term for two hormones that have additive effects is
synergists.
After a hormone has exerted its effects, it typically
is inactivated or removed from the blood.
A new hormone is discovered. Analysis of its synthesis suggests that it is synthesized on demand and has a long half-life in the bloodstream once it is released. It seems to activate gene transcription in its target cells though no cell surface receptors
a steroid
What determines whether or not a particular cell will respond to a particular hormone?
The target cell must have a receptor that specifically binds to that hormone.
The trophic hormones reach the pituitary through the
hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system
The ________ gland sits along the superior border of the kidney.
adrenal
lipophobic molecule that interacts with receptors on cell surface
peptide hormone
the posterior pituitary gland secretes
ADH (Vasopressin)
When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell,
a second messenger appears in the cytoplasm
Two hormones that have opposing effects are called
antagonists.
The hormones of the anterior pituitary are controlled by trophic hormones from the
hypothalamus.
site of vasopressin synthesis
hypothalamus
What is the implication of the fact that steroid hormones are lipophilic?
They bind to intracellular receptors.
Which hormone is classified as an amino acid derivative?
Epinephrine
The ________ of a hormone is an indicator of how long a hormone is active in the body.
half-life
Steroid hormones are synthesized in the ________ of the cell.
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
derivatives of tyrosine
amino acid-derived hormone
The term for any hormone that controls the secretion of another hormone is a
trophic hormone
The study of hormones is known as the field of
endocrinology
cannot be stored in secretory vesicles
steroid hormone
Secretion of a lower than normal amount of a hormone, causing target cells to function improperly, is called ________.
hyposecretion
a brain region that contains several collections of neuronal cell bodies that provide a connection between the nervous system and the endocrine system
hypothalmus
an extension of the neural tissue of the brain, sometimes referred to as the neurohypophysis
posterior pituitary
The stalk that connects the pituitary gland to the brain
Infundibulum
A true endocrine gland of the epithelial origin, sometimes called the adenophypophysis
Anterior pituitary
What is the role of the hypothalamus with regard to hormone release and endocrine function?
to release trophic hormones that stimulate the anterior pituitary
Target tissue of Prolactin
mammary gland
Target tissue of Growth hormone (GH)
muscles and bones
Target tissue of the Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
thyroid gland
target tissue of the adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
adrenal gland
Target tissue of Lutenizing hormone (LH) and Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
ovary or testis
sequential order of stimulation of the anterior pituitary
1. Release of GnRH from the hypothalamic neurons
2. GnRH travels through the portal system circulation
3. Stimulation of endocrine cells in the anterior pituitary
4. Release of FSH
5. FSH enters into general, systemic circulation to the body
6. FSH binds
Which loss of function would occur if you were to sever the connection between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary?
The anterior pituitary would not release hormones in response to trophic hormone stimulation.
How would you classify the type of chemical released by the posterior pituitary (e.g., classic hormone, neurotransmitter etc.)?
neurohormone
Which of the following are released by the posterior pituitary?
vasopressin and oxytocin
Where are the neurohormones released by the posterior pituitary produced?
n the neuronal cell bodies found in the hypothalamus
Mrs. Johnson does goes in to visit her doctor because of some health issues that she has been having. One of the many tests that were run on Mrs. Johnson revealed that she had no circulating concentrations of vasopressin. The doctor does a further analysi
The neuronal cell bodies in the hypothalamus are damaged.
Which of the following statements regarding the anterior and posterior pituitary is correct?
Anterior pituitary is composed of endocrine tissue while the posterior pituitary is composed of neural tissue
Hormones from Anterior pituitary
Prolactin, TSH, FSH, ACTH, LH, GH
Hormones from Posterior piuitary
Oxytocin and Vasopressin
The signal molecule produced by one animal that may affect the behavior of another animal of the same species is the
pheromone
The term that describes the need for one hormone to be present for a second hormone to produce a full effect is called
permissive