Themes of Physiology
1. Integration of Organ System
2. Cell Communication
3. Cell membrane protein function
4. Compartments
5. Homeostasis
Nervous System Homeostasis
command and control organ systems
Integument System Homeostasis
barrier to the external environment
Skeletal System Homeostasis
bones stores minerals, and blood provides bone marrow
Muscle System Homeostasis
movement of body and internal organs in body
Cardiovascular System Homeostasis
supplies the tissues with blood (perfusion), blood pressure. transports substances around the body
Lymphatic System Homeostasis
drains fluid, contains white blood cells, alarm system of the body
Immune System Homeostasis
Defends against pathogens, removes debris, heals
Respiratory System Homeostasis
exchanges gases and blood, maintains pH levels
Digestive System Homeostasis
absorbs nutrients into the blood, eliminates waste in body
Urinary System Homeostasis
removes waste from blood, regulates water, pH and electrolytes, maintains pressure and volume of blood
Reproductive System Homeostasis
NO homeostasis, no interaction with blood
Homeostasis
maintaining a state internal environment
External Environment
everything outside the human body (includes the respiratory and digestive tract)
Internal Environment
fluid that surrounds the cells of the body
Plasma
links the internal and external environment
Negative Feedback
process of reversing a change in the internal environment
Process of Negative Feedback
1. Stimulus (variable) - triggers receptors
2. Sensory Receptors
3. Central - 5 senses
5. Peripheral - monitored without being aware of it
Sensory Receptors
detect changes and relay the info to the CNS, afferent pathway (go towards the brain)
Control Center (CNS)
the brain; analysis sensory input and compares it to a set point, then determines the response
set points
maintains normal values that organ systems strive to have
Acclimation
changes in the values of set points due to a long-term change in the environment (sea levels vs. below sea level)
Na+ elyte levels
140
K+elyte levels
4
Ca+ elyte levels
9
Cl- elyte levels
100
Effectors
muscles, glands and organs of the body that carry out the commands of the CNS
Intrinsic Control
built-in control organ that can control homeostasis on it's own without being commanded by the brain
Extrinsic Control
efferent pathways, controlled by the brain and sent to the effectors, commands are sent away from the brain
Antagonistic Control
organ or gland controlled by both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system, one will stimulate and the other will inhibit the control (against each other)
Synergistic Control
both parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system are needed, work together to allow control to happen
Autonomic Nervous System
Made up of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous System
Feed Forward
anticipating a change that hasn't happened yet
Positive Feedback
reflex pathway that amplifies a change in the internal environment
Pathophysiology
Study of Diseases
Degenerative Imbalances
inability to maintain homeostasis due to old age
Nutritional Imbalances
inability to maintain homeostasis due to either an excessive or inadequate dietary intake
Metabolic Imbalances
inability to maintain homeostasis due to an abnormal biochemical activity inside cells
Genetic Imbalances
inability to maintain genetic information (mutations begin to happen)
Immune Imbalances
inability to maintain normal immune system function (hyperactive or hypoactive immunity)
Infectious Imbalances
inability to maintain a disease free environment
Traumatic Imbalances
inability to maintain homeostasis due to injury
Neoplastic Imbalances
inability to maintain control over cell division (cancer)
Feed Backwards (negative direction)
changes are being reversed in regulation