Chapter 20 - Integrative Physiology
1) The primary route for water loss from the body is
the urinary system.
2) The primary route for ion loss from the body is
the urinary system.
3) Cell volume (and therefore cell function) in most cells is dependent upon
careful regulation of osmolarity of extracellular fluid.
4) The two organ systems that work together to regulate most aspects of the body's water balance are
urinary and cardiovascular.
5) Kidneys respond relatively
slowly to changes in blood volume.
6) Most body water is located
inside cells.
7) Kidneys regulate
water loss.
8) When a body is dehydrated water in the urinary bladder will still be
expelled from the body in the urine.
9) Water reabsorption by the kidneys is a result of
osmosis.
10) The hormone that directly controls water excretion by the kidneys is
ADH.
11) The hormone that regulates water excretion by the kidneys increases water permeability in only
certain portions of the kidney tubules.
12) The primary osmoreceptors are located in
the hypothalamus.
13) Osmoreceptors depolarize after they shrink in response to
increased plasma osmolarity.
14) The hormone ADH stimulates water conservation at the
kidneys.
15) When venous return is increased stretch receptors in the atria of the heart are activated
This results in inhibition of ADH secretion.
16) When baroreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies register increased blood pressure
this results in inhibition of ADH secretion.
17) Juxtaglomerular cells in the nephron secrete
renin.
18) ACE converts
angiotensin I to angiotensin II.
19) Stimuli for the activation of the RAAS pathway include
low blood pressure in arterioles in the nephron and a decrease in fluid flow through the distal tubule.
20) Angiotensin II stimulates thirst
causes widespread vasoconstriction throughout the body and causes the synthesis and release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex.
21) Which of the following is NOT true about angiotensin II?
activates parasympathetic output
22) Aldosterone promotes
sodium retention in the kidneys.
23) Atrial natriuretic peptide
increases the GFR and inhibits the release of renin.
24) An increase in plasma potassium levels is properly called
hyperkalemia.
25) Excess potassium ions are eliminated from the body by the
kidneys.
26) Thirst is controlled by centers in the
hypothalamus and triggered by increased osmolarity.
27) A hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion concentration of the blood is
aldosterone.
28) Which of the following statements concerning the hormone atrial natriuretic peptide is FALSE?
Atrial natriuretic peptide increases aldosterone secretion.
29) The enzyme renin is responsible for the activation of angiotensin.
...
30) Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by enzymes primarily located in the
blood vessels.
31) The osmolarity in the deepest part of the loop of Henle is
1200 mOsM.
32) Decreased ECF volume causes sympathetic output from the cardiovascular control center to
increase.
33) Symptoms of low plasma pH may include
CNS depression and confusion and disorientation.
34) The most important factor affecting the pH of plasma is the
concentration of carbon dioxide.
35) The primary role of the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system is the
prevention of pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids.
36) As a result of respiratory alkalosis
the body retains less carbon dioxide.
37) Prolonged vomiting of the stomach's contents can result in
metabolic alkalosis.
38) A person who suffers from emphysema will exhibit signs of
respiratory acidosis.
39) A person who suffers from hyperventilation will exhibit signs of
respiratory alkalosis.
40) The principal ions in the ECF are
sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate
41) A buffer system consists of
a combination of a weak acid and its dissociation products.
42) The normal pH range for most body fluids is
7.35 to 7.45.
43) When the pH rises above 7.45
a state of alkalosis exists.
44) Abnormal fat and amino acid metabolism may lead to the condition called
ketoacidosis
45) The enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of H2O and CO2 to H2CO3 is called
carbonic anhydrase
46) Removal of excess water in urine is known as
diuresis
47) The high medullary interstitial osmolarity allows urine to be
concentrated.
48) AQP2 water pores are added to the cell membrane by exocytosis and withdrawn by endocytosis in a process known as
membrane recycling
49) The anatomical arrangement of the kidney that allows transfer of solutes from one blood vessel to another is called the
countercurrent exchange system
50) Paracrine feedback from the macula densa in the distal tubule to the granular cells stimulates
release of renin
51) The intercalated cells of the distal nephron are interspersed among the principal cells and contribute to
acid-base regulation.
52) How do kidneys alter urine concentration?
Kidneys alter urine concentration by varying the amounts of water and sodium reabsorbed in the distal nephron.
53) A rise in angiotensin II levels would result in
elevated blood pressure.
increased retention of sodium ions at the kidney.
increased water retention.
increased blood volume.
54) The RAAS pathway begins with secretion of the enzyme
renin.
55) Renal tubule cells in the kidney medulla are constantly exposed to high extracellular osmolarity. How do they maintain normal cell volume?
They synthesize organic solutes as needed to match the osmolarity.
56) When the pH of body fluids begins to fall proteins will
bind a hydrogen at the amino group.
57) When the pH of the extracellular fluid declines
the kidneys reabsorb more potassium ions.
58) Two hours before major surgery is to begin the patient experiences "jitters," an elevated heart rate and blood pressure, increased rate of breathing, cold sweats, and an urge to urinate. These symptoms are the result of
sympathetic activation.
59) Dan has been lost in the desert for two days with very little water. As a result you would expect to observe
elevated ADH levels.
60) What effect would a decrease in pH have on the amount of potassium ion in the urine?
a decrease in the amount of potassium in the urine
61) In response to a rapid increase of organic acid in the body you would expect to observe
increased alveolar ventilation, and decreased blood pH.
62) Dehydration may cause some ions to become concentrated. If a person was suffering from severe hyperkalemia you would expect
the skeletal muscles to be unresponsive and cardiac arrest could occur.