Which of the following is NOT a component of respiration?
speech
The conducting zone contains all of the following EXCEPT
the respiratory bronchioles.
Inhalation and accumulation of particles less than 6 mm in size can cause
pulmonary fibrosis.
Diffusion rate across the respiratory membrane is rapid because
there are about 750 square feet of alveoli membrane. alveoli are one cell thick. the air-blood barrier is two cells thick. All of the choices are correct.
Which of the following is NOT part of the conducting zone?
alveoli
Which of the following is NOT a function of the conducting zone?
gas exchange
The __________ separates the abdominal and thoracic cavities.
diaphragm
Intrapleural pressure __________ during expiration.
increases
During inspiration,
intrapulmonary pressure is less than atmospheric pressure.
What law states that the pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume?
Boyle's Law
A measure of the distensibility of the lungs is
compliance.
The tendency of the lungs to return to their initial size after stretching is
elasticity.
What phospholipid decreases the surface tension of the alveoli?
surfactant
How does surfactant reduce the surface tension of water in the lungs?
reduces hydrogen bonding between water molecules
Fluid secretion by lung cells is due to _______ alveolar cells.
active transport of Cl- out of
What condition is marked by an accumulation of protein-rich fluid in the lungs due to permeability changes triggered by the inflammatory response to systemic infection?
acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Ventilation would be decreased by decreasing the activity of
type II alveolar cells.
Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) is a condition associated with premature babies who lack
surfactant.
According to who's law, is the pressure in a small alveolus greater than a large alveolus as long as the surface tension is equal?
Laplace's law
Which muscle's contraction will stimulate inspiration?
diaphragm. external intercostals. parasternal intercostals. All of the choices are correct.
Quiet expiration is caused by
lung recoil and increased intrapulmonary pressure.
Forced (deep) inspiration occurs with the contraction of the
scalenes.
Quiet inspiration will ____ thoracic and lung volume and _____ intrapulmonary pressure.
increase, decrease
Obstructive pulmonary diseases often cause the FEV1 to be decreased by __________ or more.
20%
Which of the following is true?
The oxygen concentration of inspired air is higher than that of alveolar air.
Cessation of breathing is known as
apnea.
The anatomical dead space
has a lower concentration of oxygen than atmospheric air.
The volume of gas inspired or expired in a quiet respiration cycle is the
tidal volume.
The volume of gas remaining in the lungs after a maximum expiration is the
residual volume.
The total amount of gas in the lungs after a maximum inspiration is the
total lung capacity
An atopic allergic asthmatic would have
activation of helper T lymphocytes. production of IgE. Pulmonary eosinphilia. All of the above choices are correct.
What drug that is used as a treatment for asthma, promotes bronchodilation by selectively stimulating beta2-adrenergic receptors?
Terbutaline
Which of the following may result from emphysema?
reduced gas exchange surface area. air trapping. for pulmonacle. all of the choices are correct.
Pulmonary fibrosis may be caused by
breathing in coal dust
Which of the following is an inflammatory cell associated with COPDs but NOT asthma?
cytotoxic T cells
Who's law states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the pressures that each gas in the mixture would exert independently?
Dalton's Law
Gas X makes up 15% of a gas mix, at 760 mm Hg, the partial pressure of gas X would be
114 mm Hg
The amount of a given gas dissolved in the blood
is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas
Who's law states that the amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas?
Henry's Law
What instrument is used to measure the percent oxyhemoglobin saturation of the blood?
pulse oximeter
Breathing 100% oxygen will
significantly increase the oxygen delivery to tissues
Breathing 100% oxygen will NOT
both increase the amount of oxygen in red blood cells and significantly increase the total oxygen content of whole blood.
Normal arterial PO2 is
100 mm Hg
Normal alveolar PO2 is
105 mm Hg
Normal venous PCO2 is
44 mm Hg
Normal venous PO2 is
40 mm Hg
The foramen ovale
closes after birth due to decreased pulmonary vascular resistance.
The ventilation/perfusion ratio
increases when blood flow is decreased.
Blood flow is greatest at the _____ of the lungs and perfusion is greatest at the _____ of the lungs.
base; base
The ventilation/perfusion ratio is ________ at the apex of the lungs.
highest
Pulmonary circulation is a ____ resistance and ____ pressure pathway.
low, low
Pulmonary arterioles _____ and system arterioles _____ when PO2 is low.
constrict, dilate
When alveolar ventilation increases, the perfusion of pulmonary arterioles will
increase
What condition is caused by large amounts of nitrogen dissolving into the blood due to hyperbaric conditions?
nitrogen narcosis
What can be used to treat carbon monoxide poisoning and gangrene?
hyperbaric oxygen therapy
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
can be used to promote wound healing.
When a diver descends 20 meters below sea level, the total atmospheric pressure would be _______ the pressure at sea level.
triple
Decompression sickness is caused by ascending to sea level too quickly which results in bubbles of _____ to form in the blood.
nitrogen
Peripheral chemoreceptors that can detect changes in blood pH are located in the
aortic and carotid bodies
Central chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata directly detect changes in the pH of the
cerebrospinal fluid
The primary drive to breath is elicited by which of the following:
increased PCO2.
What is the condition of having low blood oxygen levels?
hypoXEMIA
The direct role of blood oxygen levels in controlling respiration is called
hypoxic drive.
The rhythmicity center is located in the
medulla oblongata.
The dorsal respiratory group in the medulla oblongata is involved with
inspiration.
The I neurons of the dorsal respiratory group stimulate the
phrenic nerve.
Hyperventilation is stimulated by
hypercapnia
What type of receptors in the wall of the larynx, along with rapidly adapting receptors in the lungs, cause a person to cough in response to components of smoke and smog?
irritant receptors
What type of nerve fibers are stimulated by capsaicin that causes apnea, then rapid, shallow breathing?
unmyelinated C fibers
Limits on stretching the lungs are due to the
Hering-Breuer reflex.
__________ is characterized by high red blood cell counts.
Polycythemia
Renal production of __________ is stimulated by hypoxemia.
erythropoietin
If PO2 and hemoglobin content of blood is normal, how much oxygen is the blood carrying?
20 mL O2/ 100 mL blood
The form of hemoglobin with iron in an oxidized state is
methemoglobin.
The form of hemoglobin with iron in a reduced state and bonded to oxygen is
oxyhemoglobin.
The form of hemoglobin with iron in a reduced state and not bonded to oxygen is
deoxyhemoglobin.
The form of hemoglobin with iron in a reduced state and bonded to carbon monoxide is
carboxyhemoglobin.
Carbon monoxide is lethal because it
binds hemoglobin preventing oxygen binding.
The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen is __________ as the partial pressure of oxygen is raised.
increased
What is the normal value of arterial percent hemoglobin saturation?
97%
The Bohr effect
describes the effect of pH on the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.
At rest, normal oxygen unloading is ____.
22%
According to the Bohr effect, as pH is lowered, the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen
decreases
A decrease in temperature will shift the oxygen dissociation curve to the
left
An increase in 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid (2,3-DPG) will ________ the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.
decrease
What type of hemoglobin cannot bind to 2,3-DPG and thus has a higher affinity for oxygen?
hemoglobin F
Hemoglobin F
contains two alpha and two gamma chains.
2,3-DPG comes from
anaerobic respiration in red blood cells.
In anemia, 2,3-DPG is ________ and oxygen affinity is ________.
increased, decreased.
Which of the following will decrease the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?
decreased pH, increased temperature, or increased 2,3-DPG
A family of hemoglobin diseases found primarily in people of Mediterranean ancestry is
thalassemia.
What disease is characterized by the abnormal hemoglobin S?
sickle-cell anemia
Sickle-cell anemia can be treated with the drug hydroxyurea which stimulates
production of hemoglobin gamma chains.
The highest oxygen affinity is demonstrated by
myoglobin.
The exchange of chloride ions for bicarbonate through tissue capillaries is called the
chloride shift.
The majority of carbon dioxide is transported in the blood as
bicarbonate ion.
The enzyme ______ catalyzes the formation of H2CO3 from CO2 and water.
carbonic anhydrase
Carbon dioxide _____ oxygen unloading and oxygen unloading _______ carbon dioxide transport.
increases, improves
Where does the reverse chloride shift occur?
pulmonary capillaries