protoplasm
___ is composed of five basic substances: water, electrolytes, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates
water
___ makes up 70-80% of the cell, is an excellent universal solvent, forms lubricating films(pluera=membrane), is chemically active, and helps stabilize internal temperature of the body
hydrolysis
___ is using water to break down chemical bonds (dehydration synthesis)
polar; hydrogen bond
Water is ___ with ___
coolant
Water has a high heat capacity(high heat of vaporization), and a excellent ___
negative(-); positive(+); neutral
electrons are ___; protons are ___; neutrons are ___
electrolytes
___ are molecules that ionize in water and form solutions capable of conducting electricity
ionize
to ___ is to form ions
ion
if an atom loses or gains electrons, a charged particle called ___ is formed
cation
___ is when electrons are lost, the atom becomes positively charge
anion
___ is when electrons are gained, the atom becomes negatively charged
H2O
___ cannot pump itself out, it has to be pumped out
Sodium(Na+)
___ has membrane potential, water balance
Calcium(Ca2+)
___ plasma concentration is 9.2 to 10.4 mg/dL
Potassium(K+)
membrane potential
Hydrogen(H+), Hydroxide(OH-), or Bicarbonate(HCO3-)
___, ___, or ___ is an acid-base balance(pH)
Iron(Fe2+)
red blood cell formation/hemoglobin
(carries oxygen)
Magnesium(Mg2+)
necessary for enzymes
Ammonium(NH4+)
helps adjust pH
Chloride(Cl-)
water balance(cystic fibrosis)
Phosphate(PO43-)
___ plasma concentration is 3.5 to 4.0 mg/dL
(bones, teeth, energy exchange)
Iodine(I-)
synthesis of thyroid hormones
(metabolic rate)
respiratory system; urinary system
acid-base balance occurs in ___ and ___
magnesium chloride solution
An individual is in need of an electrolyte replacement solution. What would satisfy that need?
cofactors
minerals; inorganic
coenzymes
carbon based; organic
NAD+
electron carriers
activation energy
Enzymes don't add ATP, they reduce ___
nonprotein partners
may bind to an enzyme and changes its shape, creating an activesite (ex: like iron, copper, zinc, magnesium, or calcium ions)
water-soluble vitamins
organic cofactors usually derive from ___
pantothenic acid in coenzyme A
require for synthesis of triglycerides and ATP, niacin in NAD and riboflavin(B ) in FAD(transfer electrons as H)
proteins
second most abundant substance in a cell
(building block-amino acids)
catalysis
speeds up chemical reactions
glycoprotein
gives cell recognition, and can prevent foreign objects
fibrillar form
structural proteins tend to be in ___ (fibers, ropes, struts, structures)-(ex: keratin, collagen, elastin, cytoskeleton, cilia, miotic spindle, contractile fiaments of muscles)
globular form
globular proteins tend to be in ___ (round like a globe)-
(ex: enzymes)
communication; membrane transport; cell recognition; protection
functions of proteins include ___ (ex: hormones, receptors); ___(pumps), catalyst (ex: enzymes); ___ (ex: glycoprotein, antigens); ___ (ex: antibodies, clotting factors)
conformation
important property of proteins is the ability to change their ___ (ex: opening and closing membrane pores); proteins control what crosses the cell membrane
3-D shape
overall ___ is crucial to function
denaturation
___ is drastic conformational change that destroys protein function (occurs with extreme heat/pH)
lipids
common property-hydrophobicity (ex: fats, phospholipids, eicosanoid, steroids)
triglycerides
neutral fat (3 fatty acids, 3 carbon alcohol=glycerol); stored in adipocytes (the bodies main storage house for energy)
saturated, unsaturated, transfatty acids
fats have three fatty acids:
transfatty acid
bad (opposite)
hydrophobicity
lipids try to avoid water (hydrophobic=fear of water)
hydrophilic
water loving
phospholipids
polar (fatty acid tails=nonpolar)
bilayers
phopholipids are ___ in the cell membrane
eicosanoid
a chemical signaling molecule (ex: poison ivy)
cholesterol
a constituent of the plasma membrane and basis for formation of steroid hormones, bile salts, etc... (only animals synthesize this)
cardiovascular disease
high triglycerides means ___
saturated
if ___, there will be more cholesterol produced
protection, structure, insulation, energy, regulation, vitamins
___(fat pads), ___(membrane components), ___ hypodermis and myelin sheath, ___, ___(steroid hormones and salts synthesized from cholesterol), and ___ (fat-soluble: V-A, V-D, V-E, V-K) are the functions of lipids
hypodermis, myelin sheath
___, and ___(around nerve endings) are examples of insulation functions in lipids
carbohydrates
___ is composed of (1 carbon: 2 hydrogen:1 oxygen); has a very little structural role (ex: glycoproteins, ribose(RNA/ATP), and deoxyribose(DNA)
RNA
___ is protein synthesis
DNA
___ is our genetic material
nutriton
___ is the main role for carbohydrates
monosaccharides
simple sugar (1)
disaccharides
sucrose (2)
polysaccharides
complex sugars(ex: glycogen, starch)
cellulose
humans cannot digest ___
glucose
C6H12O6
enzyme substrate specificity
lactase to digest to lactose
control of enzymes
___ is a link in metabolic pathways(points of regulation)
cofactors, coenzymes
many require the presence of ___ and ___ to function properly