Define the term anatomy
anatomy is the science of body structure or the study of the structure of living things
Define the term physiology
Physiology is the science of body function or the study of the functions of living things, how the body works
Explain how structure and function are related
The structure of the heart is made from muscles and blood vessels. The muscles pump the blood in the heart to the rest of the body which is its function
Define the concept of Homeostasis
Homeostasis is the dynamic steady state of the body. It is the appropriate stable internal environment of the body.
State the importance of homeostasis to the human body
If homeostasis is not maintained it can lead to malfunction which can lead to illness or death. Pathophysiological states develop (altered physiology / abnormal functioning of the body)
State 3 component in a homeostatic control mechanism
the Receptor, the integrator, the effector
State the function of the receptor
the receptor monitors and responds to change and sends signal to the integrator. EG skin receptor detect change in pressure
State the function of the Integrator
the Integrator determines appropriate response and sends signal to effector. EG appropriate part of the brain
State the function of the Effector
The effector starts the appropriate feedback system. The effector affects a compensatory response. EG muscles move away from pressure
Identify the 6 levels of organization in the body
chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, body system level, organism level
Describe the chemical level of organization in the body
Atoms (oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen etc) combine to form molecules (protein, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acid)
Describe the cellular level of organization in the body
cells consist of atoms, molecules and organelles that carry our various basic and specialized cell functions (200 in humans)
Describe the tissue level of organization in the body
consists of groups of cells with similar structure and specialist function eg: muscle, nerve, connective and ephilial tissue
Describe the organ level of organization in the body
consists of 2 or more tissue types organized to perform a particular function eg: stomach
Describe the body system level of organization in the body
consists of tissues and organs that perform related functions and interact to accomplish a common activity essential for survival eg: circulatory system
Describe the organism level of organization in the body
made up of body systems functioning in a coordinated precise way
Identify the 11 Body Systems
Integumentary System: skin, hair, nails, sweat glands,
Muscula Systemr: muscles, Skeletal System: bones, cartilage, ligaments, joints
Nervous System: nerves, sense organs, brain, spinal cord
Endocrine System: pituitary, adrenal, thyroid, ductless glands C
Identify the role in homeostasis of the Integumentary system
It protects the body from injury, infection and dehydration. It stabilizes body temperature, produces Vitamin D and receives info through touch
Identify the role in homeostasis of the Muscular system
It maintains posture and enables movement of body parts and the whole body. It provides thermoregulation through movement
Identify the role in homeostasis of the Skeletal system
It supports and protects body parts. It provides sites for muscle attachment. It produces red blood cells (in bone marrow), stores calcium and phosphate
Identify the role in homeostasis of the Nervous system
It detects internal and external stimuli and coordinates and controls the response to those stimuli. It is responsible for integration of the activities of all organ systems
Identify the role in homeostasis of the Endocrine system
It works with the nervous system to regulate metabolism and chemistry through hormone secretion. It regulates electrolyte balance.
Identify the role in homeostasis of the Circulatory system
It transports gases, nutrients, hormones, electrolytes, O2 and CO2. It helps maintain fluid levels and stabilizes internal temperature.
Identify the role in homeostasis of the Immune system
It absorbs lipids from the digestive system and transports it to the cardiovascular system. It defends the body against organism that cause disease. The vessels deliver interstitial (tissue) fluid to the blood. The spleen filters blood and stores blood ce
Identify the role in homeostasis of the Respiratory system
It exchanges gas between the blood and the environment. It provides oxygen to cells and removes carbon dioxide. It regulates the acid-base balance of the blood.
Identify the role in homeostasis of the Digestive system
It breaks down and absorbs food, obtains nutrients, water and electrolytes and transfers it to the plasma. It eliminates food residues
Identify the role in homeostasis of the Urinary system
It regulates volume electrolyte composition of extracellular fluid. It filters blood and removes waterborne waste (excess salt, water, electrolytes and acid)
Identify the role in homeostasis of the Reproductive system
The female system provides a protected and nutritive environment for the embryo. It has a hormonal influence on other organ system
Identify the two major homeostatic control mechanisms
The negative control system counteracts the changes.The positive control system increases the changes. It sets of an event that accelerates the changes.
Explain how the negative control mechanism maintains homeostasis
It counteracts the inappropriate change by reduces the output activity of the system back to normal, thus restoring homeostasis. EG. If the body is too hot it creates sweat which cools it down.
Explain how the positive control mechanism maintains homeostasis
It sets of an event that accelerates/enhances or intensifies the changes. It always includes some mechanism for stopping the cycle. EG in birth the head of a baby pushing against the cervix causes contractions which triggers the release of hormones that c