What events are uniquely only seen in
prophase I of meoisis
? not in mitosis or meoisis II
synapsis
and
crossing over
What is
synapsis
in prophase I of meoisis?
all copies of homologous chromosomes pair off forming a
tetrad
In
crossing-over
of prophase I of meoisis, portions of _______________ are exchanged between any member of the ________________.
chromatids, tetrad
In crossing over of prophase I of meoisis, parts of ______________ chromosomes may be exchanged with ________________ ones.
maternal, paternal
Genetic Recombination
produces ____________________________.
sister gametes that are unlike each other and unlike either parent. (Prophase I, Meoisis I)
What are the steps of Meoisis I?
Prophase i, metaphase i, anaphase i, telophase i, cytokinesis
In metaphase I of Meoisis I, ___________________________________ along the equatorial plane with attached ___________________.
homologous pairs of chromosomes
line up; microtubules
In anaphase I of Meoisis I, what occurs?
Each chromosome
of tetrad is pulled to opposite ends of dividing cell
Are chromatids or chromosomes separated during Meiosis I?
Chromosomes
What happens to centromeres during anaphase I of Meiosis I?
It remains intact UNLIKE anaphase of mitosis and meiosis II.
What steps of Meoisis 1 are similar to mitotic division?
telophase I and cytokinesis
What is result of Meiosis I?
2 cells with haploid number of chromosomes generally distinct
Phases of Meiosis II?
prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II, cytokinesis
What does Meiosis II have in common with mitosis?
CENTROMERES SPLIT
SISTER CHROMATIDS SEPARATE
and move towards opposite poles of the cell
Each of the daughter cells produced by meiosis I divides during __________ and the net result is ____________________.
meiosis II, 4 genetically unique haploid cells/gametes
Semen contains ____________ plus __________________.
sperm, glandular secretions
What is the sac of loose skin, fascia, and smooth muscle divided into two pouches by a septum?
scrotum
Skin of scrotum contains what?
dartos muscle
causing wrinkling
What is responsible for temperature regulation of testes?
scrotum
Sperm survival requires ____________________ than core body temperature.
3 degrees C or 6 degrees F degrees
lower
temperature
What muscle is found in spermatic cord?
Cremaster
What is responsible of elevation of testes on exposure to cold and during arousal; warmth reverses process?
Cremaster
What type of reproduction creates genetic diversity? By what process?
Sexual through Meiosis 1 and 2
What type of reproduction creates two identical daughter cells? By what process?
Asexual; mitosis
Sexual reproduction produces new individuals� germ cells called _________________.
Gametes
What is a gamete composed of?
Sperm or 2nd oocyte
What does fertilization produce?
One cell with one set of chromosomes from each parent
Gonads
produce __________________ & secrete ______________________.
Gametes, sex hormones
What is the study of female reproductive system?
Gynecology
What is the study of urinary system and male reproductive system?
Urology
Somatic cells AKA ___________ cells.
diploid
Diploid cells consist of ______ pairs of chromosomes for a total of ________.
23, 46
Each pair of chromosomes in a diploid cell is _______________. Meaning?
Homologous = similar genes in same order
Each member of the pair of diploid cell is from _____________________. Exception?
Each parent; trisomy 21 (Down syndrome)
In a diploid cell, 22 pairs of chromosomes are _______________, while 1 pair is ____________________.
Autosomes, sex chromosomes
What type of chromosomes are either X or Y?
Sex
___________ have two X chromosomes.
Females
_________ have an X and a smaller Y chromosome.
Males
Gametes are (haploid/diploid).
haploid
Gametes consist of how many chromosomes?
SINGLE SET of 23 chromosomes
How are haploid cells produced?
Meiosis
Is a X or Y chromosome is essential for life?
X
How do
somatic cells
divide?
Mitosis
Somatic cells that divide by mitosis produce what?
Daughter cells
Daughter cells of mitosis have (the same/different) number of chromosomes from parent.
Same
Gametes
(sex cells) divide in two stages of ______________________________.
Meiosis (I? & II)
What is the result of Meiosis I??
Two haploid daughter cells each having 1 (
duplicated
) chromosome
What is a result of Meiosis II?
Division of replicated chromosome to yield a total of 4 haploid and different daughter cells
What are the four stages of mitosis, meiosis I? & II?
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase (PMAT)
Which process is referred to as
reduction division
?
Meiosis I?
Why is
Meiosis I
called
reduction division
?
I?t reduces number of chromosomes to half (1n - haploid)
What are the two major contributions to
reassortment of genetic material
?
Independent assortment
and
crossing over
When does independent assortment occur?
During
Meoisis I
What is "independently assorted"?
Maternal and paternal homologous chromosomes
What does independent assortment produce?
2n different combinations
N = number of pairs of chromosomes, if n is 3, there are 8 combinations (2^3)
When does crossing over occur?
Meiotic Prophase I
What is crossing over?
Exchange of genetic material
What is stuck in G1 (growth), and do not replicate?
SM, cardiac muscle, and neurons
In crossing over portions of ________________ are exchanged between __________________.
Chromatids, homologous chromosomes
What process produces daughter cells that are unlike each other and unlike either parent?
Crossing over
What 3 things is prophase I? of meiosis I? responsible for?
1. Chromosomes (already doubled) become visible
2. Mitotic spindle appears
3. Nuclear membrane & nucleoli disappear
What is the paired oval glands of male reproductive system (2x1 in)?
Testes
What are the testes surrounded by?
dense white capsule
tunica albuginea
In the testes there are septa that form what?
200-300 compartments called lobules
Testes are filled with _______________________ where ______________ is formed.
2/3 seminiferous tubules where sperm is formed
The descent of testes develops near what?
kidney on posterior abdominal wall
Testes descend into _____________ by passing through _______________.
scrotum, inguinal canal
When are the testes supposed to descend?
7th month of fetal development
What is the piece of peritoneum that descends with the testes into the scrotal sac?
Tunica vaginalis
What is purpose of tunica vaginalis?
allows for easier movement of testes within the scrotum
What is cryptorchidism?
when testes do not descend into scrotum
What is the likeliness of cryptorchidism in a full-term baby vs. a premature infant?
3%, 30%
What happens to untreated B/L cryptorchidism?
sterility and greater risk of testicular cancer
In a cryptorchidism condition ________% of the time during the first year of life. Surgical treatment is necessary _______________.
80, before 18 months
What is spermatogenesis?
Formation of sperm cells from spermatogonia
Where do
ALL STAGES OF SPERM DEVELOPMENT
occur?
Seminiferous tubules
Where are
sertoli cells
?
seminiferous tubules
Where are
Leydig
cells located?
between seminiferous tubules
What secretes testosterone?
Leydig cells
What cells extend from basement membrane to lumen?
Sertoli cells
Sertoli cells support ___________________.
developing sperm cells
Sertoli cells produce ____________ and control release of sperm into lumen.
fluid
What do sertoli cells secrete?
inhibin to slow sperm production
how do sertoli cells slow sperm production?
using inhibin to inhibit FSH
What do sertoli cells synthesize?
ABP (androgen binding protein)
What forms the blood-testes barrier?
sertoli cells
5 functions of sertoli cells:
1. support developing sperm cells
2. produce fluid & control release of sperm into the lumen
3. secrete inhibin which slows sperm production by inhibiting FSH
4. synthesize ABP
5. form blood-testes barrier
Spermatogenesis starts with?
Spermatogonium (stem cells) giving rise to 2 daughter cells by mitosis
Spermatogonium reproduce by (mitosis/meiosis I/meiosis II).
mitosis
What happens to the daughter cells produced by spermatogonium? Haploid/Diploid?
One daughter cell kept in reserve
One differentiates into primary spermatocyte
BOTH DIPLOID
Primary spermatocyte turns into secondary spermatocyte by (mitosis/meiosis I/meiosis II).
meiosis I
What 3 things happen when primary spermatocyte goes through meiosis I?
DNA replication, tetrad formation, crossing over
Primary spermatocytes are (haploid/diploid).
diploid
secondary spermatocytes are (haploid/diploid).
haploid
Primary spermatocyte turns into?
secondary spermatocyte
How many chromosomes are in secondary spermatocyte?
23 (haploid)
Each chromosome of secondary spermatocyte has?
2 chromatids joined by centromere
Secondary spermatocyte turns into spermatid by (mitosis/meiosis I/meiosis II).
Meiosis II
Secondary spermatocytes turn into...
4 spermatids
Spermatids are (haploid/diploid).
haploid
Spermatids are (unique/the same).
unique
How do developing 4 spermatids remain intact?
cytoplasmic bridge
What accounts for synchronized release of sperm that are 50/50 X & Y chromosomes?
Spermatids
2 reasons for cytoplasmic bridge:
1. Haploid cells with one or more defective genes will die if they do not get the normal product of those genes; bridges allow for normal gene products from any of haploid cells to complement defective cell
2. In sperm, one has the X chromosome which carries vital genes, while other has only Y. It is impossible for Y carrying cells to mature without X-chromosome gene products.
What allows for normal gene products from any haploid cell to complement defective cells?
Cytoplasmic bridge.
It is impossible for _____________ cells to mature without X-chromosome gene products.
Y carrying
What is the maturation of
spermatids into sperm cells
?
spermiogenesis
Spermiogenesis is?
maturation of spermatids into sperm cells
What is
spermiation
?
Release of sperm cells from a sertoli (sustentacular cell)
A spermatogonium is (X & Y together/X or Y).
X & Y together
A secondary spermatocyte is (X & Y together/X or Y).
X or Y (replicated)
Spermatids are (X & Y together/X or Y).
X or Y (normal)
Sertoli cell AKA
sustentacular cell
Why is sperm adapted?
to reach and penetrate a secondary oocyte
What does head of sperm contain?
1. Nucleus (DNA)
2.
Acrosome
What is an acrosome?
a membranous sac containing hyalurodinase and proteinase enzymes (help with ECM breakdown and movement to egg)
What does midpiece of sperm contain?
mitochondria to form ATP
What does tail of sperm contain?
flagellum used for locomotion
Meiosis I from primary to secondary spermatocytes separates ____________.
homologous chromosomes
Meiosis II from secondary spermatocytes to spermatids separates ______________.
split sister chromatids
Where do you need blood tests barrier in spermatogenesis?
between 1 & 2 spermatocyte
What is product of Meiosis 2 of spermatogenesis?
Spermatids
What are the diploid male gametes?
Spermatogonium and primary spermatocyte
what is the difference between secondary spermatocyte and spermatid?
secondary has replicated chromosomes
Normally flagella are _____________, have ____________ movement, and function is to _____________________.
alone, whip-like, propel cell within media
Normally cilia are _____________, have ____________ movement, and function is to _____________________.
abundant, stiff power stroke, move media over direction of cell
During puberty, hypothalamus secretes ___________________ into portal system and stimulates ___________________.
releasing hormones (GnRH); adenohypophysis
What is stimulation of adenohypophysis from GnRH cause the secretion of?
LH & FSH
What stimulates Leydig cells to secrete testosterone?
LH
Once LH stimulates Leydig cells to secrete testosterone, what happens?
enzyme in prostate/seminal vesicles converts testosterone into DHT
Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
is (more/less) potent than regular testosterone.
more
What stimulates spermatogenesis?
FSH
FSH with testosterone stimulates __________________________.
sertoli cells to secrete ABP to keep local hormone levels high
What stimulates final steps in spermatogenesis?
Testosterone
When sperm production is sufficient:
Sertoli cells?
FSH?
Sperm production?
SC release inhibin,
inhibits FSH secretion by anterior pituitary,
decreases sperm production
When sperm production is insufficient:
Sertoli cells?
FSH?
Sperm production?
SC release LESS inhibin,
more FSH is secreted,
increased sperm production
Testosterone & DHT bind to ___________________ and change ______________.
intracellular receptors (Lipid-soluble), genetic activity
What is the
prenatal effect
of testosterone?
male gonads and genitalia development
What is role of testosterone in puberty?
final development of secondary sexual characteristics and adult reproductive system
Testosterone _____________ sexual behavior and libido, increases _______________ and ___________ the voice in puberty.
increases, male metabolism (bone/muscle mass increase), deepens
If one has a rare genetic defect producing a deficiency of 5-alpha-reductase, what would not be happening?
Enzyme converted testosterone into dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
Why does a baby with deficiency of 5 alpha-reductase externally look like a female?
due to lack of DHT during development
At puberty, one with a 5 alpha-reductase deficiency will present with?
breasts failing to develop, masculine characteristics appear, internal exam see testes
Is testosterone production negative or positive feedback?
negative
what will detect increase in testosterone blood levels?
receptors in hypothalamus
When there is an increase in testosterone, what will be inhibited? Causing slow release of?
secretion of GnRH, anterior pituitary hormones (FSH/LH)
What cells can decrease testosterone secretion?
Leydig cells of testes
Precursor to androgens in Leydig Cell?
Cholesterol to pregnenolone to testosterone to blood to develop muscles and to Sertoli cell to bind with ABP (increasing testosterone half-life/efficacy)
What is the age at which individuals become capable of sexual reproduction?
Puberty
Before puberty, what does testosterone do?
Small amounts of test inhibit GnRH release
During puberty, what does testosterone do?
Test does not completely suppress GnRH release, resulting in increased FSH, LH and testosterone
What 3 places are testosterone produced?
1. Interstitial (Leydig)
2. Adrenal Cortex
3. Sustentacular (Sertoli) Cells
3 Testosterone functions:
1. Development of male sex organs in embryo
2. Stimulates descent of testes
3. Enlargement of genitals and necessary structure for sperm cell formation
What is the pathway of sperm flow through the ducts of the testis?
seminiferous tubules, straight tubules, rete testis, efferent ducts, ductus epididymis, ductus (vas) deferens
What is comma-shaped organ, 1.5 inches long along posterior border of each testis (20 foot tube if uncoiled)?
epididymis
What regions does epididymis have?
Head, body and tail
Multiple ______________ become a single ductus epididymis in the ___________ region of the epididymis.
efferent ducts, head
The tail region of the epididymis continues as _______________.
ductus deferens
What is ductus epididymis lined with?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and layer of smooth muscle
What are 3 functions of epididymis?
1. Site of
sperm maturation
-
motility
increases over 2 week period
2.
Storage
for 1-2 months
3.
Propels
sperm onward
What is the pathway of ductus (vas) deferens?
1. Ascends along posterior border of epididymis
2. Up through
spermatic cord and inguinal lig
3. Reaches posterior surface of
urinary bladder
4. empties into
prostatic urethra with seminal vesicle
What is ductus (vas) deferens lined with? covered with?
pseudostratified columnar epithelium, heavy coating of
smooth muscle
2 functions of Vas Deferens?
1. Convey sperm along through
peristaltic contractions
(need long and circular mm)
2. Store sperm
viable for several months
What is a form of male sterilization where vas deferens is cut off and tied?
Vasectomy
What happens to sperm production in vasectomy?
It continues, but sperm degenerates (100% effective, 40% reversible)
What are all structures passing to and from the testes?
1. Testicular Artery
2. Pampiniform Plexus of Veins
3. Autonomic Nerves
4. Lymphatic Vessels
5. Vas Deferens
6. Cremaster
"CLAP TV
What is a 2 inch long tunnel passing through the 3 muscles of the anterior abdominal wall - weakens wall?
Inguinal canal
Where does inguinal canal begin and end?
Originates at deep inguinal ring and ends at superficial ring
What is loop of intestine protruding through the deep ring?
Indirect hernia
What is when the loop of intestine pushes through posterior wall of inguinal canal?
Direct hernia
Are hernias more common in males or females?
Males
What are ejaculatory ducts formed from?
duct of seminal vesicle and ampulla of vas deferens
What is purpose of ejaculatory duct?
Adds fluid to prostatic urethra just before ejaculation
What is 3 parts of the urethra where urine and semen pass through?
Prostatic, membranous, and penile (spongy)
What part of the urethra passes through the UG diaphragm?
Membranous
What part of the urethra passes through the corpus spongiosum?
Penile
What are 3 accessory sex glands?
Seminal vesicle, prostate gland, and bulbourethral (cowper's) gland
Where are seminal vesicles located?
Posterior to base of bladder
What does seminal vesicles secrete?
Alkaline, viscous fluid
What are four things that seminal vesicle does?
1. neutralizes acidity
2. fructose
3. prostaglandins
4. clotting proteins
The seminal vesicles _____________________ in the vagina & in the male urethra.
neutralize acidity
The seminal vesicles produce _______________ for ATP production.
fructose
The seminal vesicles produce prostaglandins to?
stimulate sperm motility and viability (regulation of smooth muscle)
The seminal vesicles produce
clotting factors
for?
the coagulation of semen
What is single organ the size of a chestnut found inferior to the bladder with many duct openings?
Prostate gland
What does prostate gland secrete?
milky
, pH 6.5 fluid
What is function of milky fluid that prostate gland secretes?
increased sperm motility and viability
What four things does prostate gland do/supply?
1. citric acid
2. enzymes for liquefaction
3. PSA (prostate-specific antigen)
4. Seminalplasmin (antibiotic)
Why does prostate gland secrete citric acid?
for ATP production (sperm motility)
What enzymes for liquefaction does prostate gland secrete?
1. Lysozyme
2. Hyaluronidase
3. Amylase
4. Fibrinolysis
Why does prostate gland secrete enzymes for liquefaction?
Protection (lysozyme), breakdown clotting proteins to free sperm or reliquify it
What levels do you check if you suspect prostate cancer?
PSA
Why is
seminalplasmin
produced in the prostate?
prevents UTI's in males
How does prostate change with age?
it enlarges
What is the paired, pea-sized gland within the UG diaphragm?
Bulbourethral (Cowper's) Gland
During sexual arousal, what does bulbourethral gland secrete?
Alkaline mucus
into spongy urethra
What is purpose of alkaline mucus that cowper's gland secretes?
It
neutralizes acids and lubricates
Semen is a mixture of what 2 things?
Sperm and seminal fluid
What is the glandular secretion and fluid of seminiferous tubules?
Semen
Semen is slightly _______________, has a _____________ appearance, and is _______________.
alkaline, milky, sticky
What 3 main things does semen contain?
nutrients, clotting proteins, and antibiotic
seminalplasmin
The actions of many _____________ are needed to fertilize an egg.
Sperm
When would a semen analysis be bad news?
if it reveals lack of forward motility, low count, or abnormal shapes
What is the last passageway for semen and urine?
Penis
The body of the penis is composed of?
Three erectile tissue masses filled with blood sinuses
What are the 4 main parts of the penis?
bulb, crura, body, glans
There are 2 sections in a cross-section of a penis; what are they?
Corpora cavernosa
Corpora spongiosum
What is the upper paired, erectile tissue masses?
Corpora Cavernosa
How does corpora cavernosa begin?
as crura of penis attached to ischial and pubic rami
what is corpora cavernosa covered by?
ischiocavernosus muscle
What is the lower erectile tissue mass?
corpus spongiosum
What surrounds the urethra?
Corpus spongiosum
How does corpus spongiosum begin? What is it covered by?
As bulb of penis covered by bulbospongiosus muscle.
How does corpus spongiosum end?
As
Glans Penis
What is the enlarged distal end of corpus spongiosum?
Glans penis
What is small slit in glans penis?
Exernal urethral orifice
What is glans penis covered by?
loosely fitting
prepuce
or foreskin
A circumcision, or removal of prepuce 3-4 days after birth possibly lowers what?
UTI's, cancer, and STD's
What occurs during sexual stimulation that dilates the arteries supplying the penis?
Erection
During an erection, blood enters the penis doing what?
compression veins, so blood is trapped
(Sympathetic/parasympathetic) reflex causes erection.
Parasympathetic reflex
During ejaculation, muscle contractions of epididymis do what?
close sphincter at base of bladder and move fluids through vas deferens, seminal vesicles, and ejaculatory ducts
What completes the job of ejaculation?
ischiocavernous and bulbospongiosus muscle
Stimulation of erection is _______________ or ___________________.
tactile or psychological
(Sympathetic/parasympathetic) reflex causes ejaculation.
sympathetic
(Sympathetic/parasympathetic) reflex causes emission.
Sympathetic
What is emission of penis?
propulsion of sperm sympathetically into urethra by peristalsis
What neurotransmitter has an impact in the synaptic cleft?
Acetylcholine
What is required to initiate and maintain male sexual behavior?
Testosterone
What is the complex series of reflexes that results in erection of penis, secretion of mucus into urethra, emission, and ejaculation?
male sex act
The Male Sex Act results in sensations in an organism associated with ___________ then ______________.
ejaculation, resolution
What is hypogonadism a result from?
defects in
spermatogenesis
and or
steroidogenesis
Hypogonadism may be primary defect of what?
*testis function or hypothalamic-
pituitary dysfunction*
In hypogonadism, the presence or absence of secondary sexual characteristics (eunuchiodism) can distinguish what?
between pre-pubertal and post-pubertal dysfunction
Hypogonadism will provide resistance to what.... example?
androgens; testicular feminization
What is
testicular feminization
?
recessive (x-linked) disorder where
receptor for testosterone is defective
What does the defective testosterone receptors do in testicular feminization?
testes fail to descend and no male secondary characteristics form (looks like females)
In hypogonadism, it can increase risk of what 2 cancers?
prostate and testicular
Site of fertilization (where sperm cell penetrates oocyte)
Ampulla
Produce oocytes and hormones
Ovaries
Transport the fertilized ova
Uterine tubes
Where fetal development occurs
Uterus
Vagina and external genitalia constitutes the _______
Vulva
What produce milk?
Mammary glands
Pair of organs, size of unshelled almonds found in upper pelvic region of female
Ovaries
Capsule of dense connective tissue around ovaries-under germinal epithelium
Tunica albuginea
Region just deep to tunica in the ovary, contains the follicles
Cortex
Deeper region of the ovary composed of connective tissue, blood vessels and lymphatics
Medulla
Simple epithelial covering over the ovary
Germinal epithelium
Oocytes and surrounding follicular cells make up what?
Follicles
Primordial, primary, secondary, and graafian are the stages of what?
Follicular development
Most immature follicle cell?
Primordial
A single cell layer surrounding oocyte is what follicular stage?
Primordial follicle
6-7 layer granulosa cells surround oocyte
Primary follicle
Antrum forms in what stage of follicular development
Secondary follicle
Mature follicle ovulation
Graafian follicle
Ovulation wound, fills in with hormone secreting cells
Corpus luteum
White scar left after corpus luteum is not needed
Corpus albicans
Outside most layer of ovary (does NOT have germ cells)
Germinal epithelium
CT under germinal epithelium in ovary
Tunica albuginea
Vascular tissue, differentiates into theca externa and theca interna in ovary
Theca folliculi
CT with smooth muscle and collagen in ovary
Theca externa
Vascular, surrounds granulosa cells of follicle in ovary
Theca interna
Glycoprotein layer between oocyte and granulosa
Zona pellucida
Innermost granulosa layer, firmly attached to zona pellucida, is released with follicle during ovulation
Corona radiata
Space filled with fluid secreted by granulosa cells, generates hydrostatic pressure to expel the oocyte during ovulation
Antrum
Nourish the maturing oocyte
Granulosa cells
Mature follicle, oocyte within is arrested at metaphase of meiosis II at ovulation time
Graafian follicle
During fetal development, germ cells from yolk sac migrate to ovary and become ______?
Oogonia
How do the oogonia divide in the fetus
Mitosis
Degeneration of oogonia
Atresia
Some oogonia will differentiate into _________ and stop in ___________ (still in utero)
Primary oocytes; prophase of meiosis 1
Millions present a birth, then atresia occurs, but only 400 mature during a woman's life
Primary oocytes
Starting at puberty, each month, hormones cause _____ to resume in several follicles so that ______ is reached by ovulation. However, usually only one ______ reaches maturity and is ovulated.
Meiosis 1; metaphase of meiosis 2; oocyte
What is only completed ONLY if the oocyte is fertilized by the sperm
Meiosis 2
During fetal development, ______ begins but stops in prophase.
Meiosis 1
After puberty, _______ complete meiosis 1, which produces ________ and a first polar body that may or may not divide again
Primary oocytes; secondary oocyte
Packets of discarded DNA, the secondary oocyte receives most to the cytoplasm and organelles
Polar bodies
________ begins in meiosis 2 but stops in metaphase
Secondary oocyte
What is ovulated?
A secondary oocyte and the first polar body
When does meiosis 2 resume?
After fertilization
When meiosis 2 resumes after fertilization, the oocyte splits to form what? (2 things)
Ovum and second polar body
What unite to form a diploid zygote after fertilization
Nuclei of the sperm cells and the ovum
Narrow, 4 inch tube, that extends from ovary to uterus and is open at both ends
Uterine/ Fallopian tubes
Open, funnel shaped portion near the ovary
Infundibulum
Moving, finger-like processes, one is attached to ovary
Fimbriae
Narrowest portion of Fallopian tube that joins uterus
Isthmus
How many layer to the Fallopian tube? What are they?
3: mucosa, muscularis, and serosa
The mucosal layer of the Fallopian tube is composed of?
Ciliated columnar epithelium with secretory cells that provide nutrients and the cilia move along the ovum
What is purpose of muscularis layer of fallopian tube, and what is it composed of?
Use peristalsis to help move the ovum down the uterus
Circular and longitudinal smooth muscle
Outer serous membrane of Fallopian tube
Serosa layer of Fallopian tube
Sweep oocyte into uterine tube
Fimbriae
Where does sperm reach the oocyte
In the ampulla
What occurs with 24 hours after ovulation
Fertilization
The zygote reaches the uterus _____ days after ovulation.
7
Site of menstruation and development of fetus
Anatomy of the uterus
What are the 4 subdivisions of the uterus
Fundus, body, isthmus, and cervix
Endometrium is composed of what sections?
Histologically what is it composed of?
stratum functionalis and stratum basalis
simple columnar epithelium
Shed during menstruation
Stratum functionalis
Replaces stratum functionalis each month
Stratum basalis
Composed of 3 layers of smooth muscle in the uterus
Myometrium
Visceral peritoneum of the uterus
Perimetrium
What arteries supply the myometrium
Uterine arteries branch as arcuate arteries and radial arteries
What branches penetrate to the endometrium
Straight and spiral branches
The spiral arterioles supply what....
Stratum functionalis of endometrium
Surgical removal of the uterus
Hysterectomy
Reasons for hysterectomy
1. Endometriosis
2. Ovarian cysts
3. Excessive bleeding
4. Cancer cervix, uterus, or ovaries
______ hysterectomy removes cervix
Complete
_______ Hysterectomy removes uterus, tubes, ovaries, part of vagina, pelvic lymph nodes, and supporting ligaments
Radical
Passageway for birth, menstrual flow, and intercourse
Vagina
How many layers of the vagina are there? What are they?
3: mucosal, muscularis, adventitia
The mucosal layer of the vagina contains what type of epithelium and connective tissue? What does it have large storage of?
Stratified squamous epithelium and areolar connective tissue. Has large stores of glycogen breakdown to produce acidic pH
Smooth muscle that allows considerable stretch of the vagina
Muscularis layer of vagina
Loose CT that binds it to other organs (vagina)
Adventitia layer of the vagina
Lies between the urinary bladder and rectum, orifice is partially closed with membrane (hymen)
Vagina
What type of glands produce milk
Modified sweat glands (sudoriferous glands)
Milk-secreting glands open by ____________ ducts at the nipples.
Lactiferous
Pigmented area around nipple
Areola
Suspend the breast from deep fascia of pectoral muscles
Suspensory ligaments
Most common cause of breast lumps, cysts and thickening of alveoli develop
Fibrocystic disease of the breasts
Excess of estrogen or deficiency of progesterone in the postovulatory
Fibrocystic disease caused by hormonal imbalance
Lumpy, swollen and tender breast a week before menstruation begins
Fibrocystic disease of the breast
Changes in ovary during and after maturation of oocyte
Ovarian cycle
Preparation of uterus to receive fertilized ovum, and if implantation does not occur, the stratum functionalis is shed during menstruation
Uterine cycle
What is secreted by the hypothalamus and controls the female reproductive system
GnRH
Stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH
GnRH
initiates growth of follicles
that secrete estrogen to maintain reproductive organs
FSH
LH stimulates ______________.
LH promotes formation of ______________________ which secretes what 4 things?
Stimulates ovulation
and promotes
formation of the corpus luteum
which secretes estrogens, progesterone, relaxin, and inhibin
Prepares uterus for implantation and the mammary glands for milk secretion
Progesterone
Facilitates implantation in the relaxed uterus
Relaxin
Inhibits the secretion of FSH
Inhibin
What happens in the ovary during the menstrual phase?
1. 20 follicles that began to develop 6 days before are now beginning to secrete estrogen. 2. Fluid is filling the antrum from granulosa cells
Declining levels of ______ caused spiral arteries to constrict, ischemia causes glandular tissue to die in menstrual phase in uterus
Progesterone
Most variable timeline in uterine cycle
Preovulatory phase that lasts on days 6 to 13
Follicular secretion of _______ and ______ has slowed the secretion of ______ in the ovary. When does this happen?
Estrogen; inhibin; FSH
During the preovulatory phase (follicular phase)
Increasing _______ levels trigger the secretion of _______ in the ovary in the preovulatory phase (follicular phase)
Estrogen; LH
Ovary during preovulatory phase (follicular phase): what occurs with size of follicle?
dominate follicle survives to day 6. By day 14, Graafian follicle has enlarged and bulges at surface
In uterus during preovulatory phase (proliferative phase): what occurs?
increasing estrogen levels have repaired and thickened the stratum functionalis
Rupture of follicle and release of secondary oocyte on day 14
Ovulation
Increasing levels of estrogen stimulate the release of ______which stimulates anterior pituitary to release more _____
GnRH; LH
What results from ovulation
Corpus hemorrhagicum
Increased basal body temp, changes in cervical mucus, cervix softens, Mittelschmerz pain
Signs of ovulation
Most constant timeline in the uterine cycle (last 14 days)
Postovulatory phase
Ovary in postovulatory phase (luteal phase): if fertilization didnt occur, ______ is formed
Corpus albicans
Ovary in postovulatory phase (luteal phase): if fertilization did not occur- as ovarian hormone levels drop near the end of the cycle, secretions of ______, ______, and _____ rise.
GnRH, FSH, and LH
Ovary in postovulatory phase (luteal phase): if fertilization did occur what happens?
developing embryo secretes hCG which maintains corpus luteum and its hormone secretion (Human chorionic gonadotrophin)
In uterus during postovulatory phase (secretory phase) what occurs?
hormones from corpus luteum promote thickening of endometrium and formation of more endometrial glands and vascularization
In uterus during postovulatory phase (secretory phase): if no fertilization occurs- ______ will begin
Menstrual phase
FSH rises in pre-ovulatory phase; why do we need FSH to increase?
To promote follicular growth-granulosa cells that secrete more and more estrogen
______ levels rise as follicle matures, so you are ready to ovulate. Pituitary is told to release ________ to start ovulation
Estrogen; LH
What kind of feedback occurs between estrogen and LH in the uterine cycle
Positive
When are estrogen levels highest in the uterine cycle? Why are they highest during this time?
Preovulatory phase because follicles are growing producing more and more and its an anabolic hormone promoting rebuilding
When are progesterone levels the highest in the uterine cycle
Postovulatory phase
When are LH levels highest in the uterine cycle
Just prior to ovulation- high estrogen stimulates LH
What cells convert androgens into estrogens?
Granulosa cells
What hormone acts on granulosa cells?
FSH
What hormones stimulates theca cells?
LH
What stimulates smooth muscle contraction in theca helping with ovulation
LH
What inhibits ovulation during nursing so you dont become pregnant again
Prolactin
What hormone is high in the fetus, and drops once nursing for long periods?
Prolactin levels
What levels drop right after birth during lactation?
Gonadal hormones
What hormone controls milk letdown?
Oxytocin
High levels of estrogen (without progesterone) cause the stimulation or inhibition of what hormones?
Stimulation of GnRH, LH, and FSH (Androgens)
Moderate levels of estrogen cause the stimulation or inhibition of what hormones?
Inhibits GnRH, FSH, LH
Inhibin causes the stimulation or inhibition of what hormones?
Inhibits secretion of FSH and LH
Low levels of progesterone and estrogen cause the stimulation or inhibition of what hormones?
Secretion of GnRH, FSH and LH
What is the pre-ovulatory phase called in the ovary?
follicular phase
what is the pre-ovulatory phase called in the uterus?
proliferative phase
what is the post-ovulatory phase called in the ovary?
luteal phase
what is the post-ovulatory phase called in the uterus?
secretory phase