Functions of the kidneys include all but one of the following. Identify the exception.
A) regulation of extracellular fluid volume
B) maintenance of ion balance in body fluids
C) regulation of blood protein levels
D) regulation of blood osmolarity
E) home
C) regulation of blood protein levels
Ions directly regulated by the kidney include all EXCEPT which of the following?
A) Na+
B) K+
C) Ca2+
D) HCO3-
E) OH-
E) OH-
The characteristic yellow color of urine is attributed to the presence of
A) urobilinogen.
B) uric acid.
C) urea.
D) renin.
E) bile.
A) urobilinogen.
Urine is produced by the
A) gallbladder.
B) urinary bladder.
C) kidney.
D) ureter.
E) urethra.
C) kidney.
Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by
A) blood vessels.
B) lymphatics.
C) the ureters.
D) the urethra.
E) All of the answers are correct.
C) the ureters.
Technically, the kidneys are located
A) in the thoracic cavity.
B) in the abdominal cavity.
C) behind the pleural membranes.
D) behind the peritoneal membrane.
E) in the pelvic cavity.
D) behind the peritoneal membrane.
Blood flow through the kidney includes a feature seen in only a few organs. What is it?
A) portal system
B) arterial shunts
C) vascular sinuses
D) veins containing highly oxygenated blood
E) anastomoses
A) portal system
Which structure is NOT part of the blood circulation through the kidney?
A) vasa recta
B) loop of Henle
C) glomerulus
D) renal corpuscle
B) loop of Henle
Which statement is NOT true?
A) The blood supply to the kidneys comes through the renal arteries.
B) As much as one fourth of the cardiac output may flow to the kidneys at any given moment.
C) The kidneys do not reabsorb filtered waste products.
D) The ur
C) The kidneys do not reabsorb filtered waste products.
The Bowman's capsule and glomerulus make up the
A) renal pyramid.
B) loop of Henle.
C) renal corpuscle.
D) renal papilla.
E) collecting system.
C) renal corpuscle.
Which of the following kidney processes is always active and always requires energy to occur?
A) filtration
B) reabsorption
C) secretion
D) excretion
C) secretion
A glomerulus is
A) the expanded end of a nephron.
B) a "knot" of capillaries that lies within the Bowman's capsule.
C) the portion of the nephron closest to the renal corpuscle.
D) the portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct.
E) the ha
B) a "knot" of capillaries that lies within the Bowman's capsule.
The portion of the nephron closest to the renal corpuscle is the
A) loop of Henle.
B) proximal tubule.
C) distal tubule.
D) collecting duct.
E) minor calyx.
B) proximal tubule.
The portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct is the
A) loop of Henle.
B) proximal tubule.
C) distal tubule.
D) collecting duct.
E) minor calyx.
C) distal tubule.
The hairpin-shaped segment of the nephron is the
A) loop of Henle.
B) proximal tubule.
C) distal tubule.
D) vasa recta.
E) minor calyx.
A) loop of Henle.
The segment of the nephron between the proximal and distal tubules that loops down into the medulla of the kidney and returns back to the cortex is called the
A) loop of Henle.
B) Bowman's capsule.
C) collecting duct.
D) vasa recta.
E) minor calyx.
A) loop of Henle.
The process of filtration in the kidney is most accurately described as
A) highly specific.
B) completely nonspecific.
C) relatively nonspecific.
C) relatively nonspecific.
All of the following will normally be found in the filtrate EXCEPT
A) glucose.
B) potassium.
C) erythrocytes.
D) urobilinogen.
C) erythrocytes.
Cysts on the kidney can press upon nephrons, raising the pressure inside the nephrons. How will this affect glomerular filtration rate and blood pressure?
A) GFR increases and blood pressure increases
B) GFR increases and blood pressure decreases
C) GFR d
C) GFR decreases and blood pressure increases
The amount of plasma that filters into the nephrons is approximately ________ of the total volume.
A) 4/5
B) 1/5
C) 3/4
D) 1/2
E) 90%
B) 1/5
In normal kidneys, blood cells and plasma proteins are
A) filtered then reabsorbed.
B) secreted then reabsorbed.
C) not filtered.
D) filtered and secreted.
C) not filtered.
Which is NOT a kidney filtration barrier?
A) glomerular capillary endothelium
B) basal lamina
C) Bowman's capsule epithelium
D) juxtaglomerular apparatus
D) juxtaglomerular apparatus
The force for glomerular filtration is the
A) blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries.
B) osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries.
C) fluid pressure produced by the displacement of the fluid in the lumen of the tubules.
D) ATP-dependent proces
A) blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries.
The primary function of the proximal tubule is
A) filtration.
B) reabsorption of ions, organic molecules, and water.
C) secretion of acids and ammonia.
D) secretion of drugs.
E) adjusting the urine volume.
B) reabsorption of ions, organic molecules, and water.
Contents in the peritubular capillaries are actively transported into proximal and distal convoluted tubules in a process known as
A) excretion.
B) filtration.
C) reabsorption.
D) secretion.
D) secretion.
Glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed by
A) diffusion.
B) symport with sodium.
C) cotransport.
D) countertransport.
B) symport with sodium.
Which of the following statements about autoregulation is NOT true?
A) Myogenic response is the intrinsic ability of vascular smooth muscle to respond to pressure changes.
B) Myogenic response is a paracrine signaling mechanism.
C) In tubuloglomerular fee
A) Myogenic response is the intrinsic ability of vascular smooth muscle to respond to pressure changes.
Place the following blood vessels that carry blood to and within the kidney in the order in which blood passes through them.
1. afferent arteriole
2. efferent arteriole
3. glomerulus
4. peritubular capillary
A) 4, 2, 3, 1
B) 1, 3, 2, 4
C) 4, 3, 2, 1
D) 1,
B) 1, 3, 2, 4
When the plasma concentration of a substance exceeds its renal concentration, more of the substance will be
A) filtered.
B) reabsorbed.
C) secreted.
D) excreted.
E) None of the answers are correct.
D) excreted.
Damage to the renal medulla would interfere first with the functioning of the
A) Bowman's capsule.
B) distal tubule.
C) collecting ducts.
D) proximal tubule.
E) glomerulus.
C) collecting ducts.
An obstruction in a glomerulus would affect the flow of blood into the
A) renal artery.
B) efferent arteriole.
C) afferent arteriole.
D) renal vein.
B) efferent arteriole.
If blood flow through the afferent arterioles increases,
A) stretch reflexes trigger vasoconstriction to reduce the flow.
B) the smooth muscle in the vessel walls stretches to accommodate the increased flow.
C) the stretch triggers further relaxation of t
A) stretch reflexes trigger vasoconstriction to reduce the flow.
Urea is
A) actively secreted in the distal tubule.
B) actively reabsorbed in the proximal tubule.
C) passively reabsorbed in the proximal tubule.
D) completely eliminated in the urine.
E) actively transported into the filtrate by the cells of the collecti
C) passively reabsorbed in the proximal tubule.
In the lumen of the proximal tubule, Na+ concentration ________ the Na+ concentration inside the cells of the tubule wall.
A) is much higher than
B) is slightly higher than
C) is about the same as
D) is slightly lower than
E) is much lower than
A) is much higher than
The typical pattern for molecules absorbed by Na+-dependent transport involves this: an apical ________ and a basolateral ________.
A) facilitated diffusion carrier, osmotic gradient
B) symport protein, facilitated diffusion carrier
C) symport protein, os
B) symport protein, facilitated diffusion carrier
One substance has no membrane transporters to move it but can diffuse freely through open leak channels if there is a concentration gradient. Initially, this substance's concentrations in the filtrate and extracellular fluid are equal. Later, however, the
C) urea
Measurements in a nephron reveal a glomerular hydraulic pressure of 69 mm Hg, and a fluid pressure in the Bowman's capsule of 15 mm Hg. Assuming that the plasma osmotic pressure is 30 mm Hg, and that essentially no plasma proteins are filtered by the glom
B) 24 mm Hg
In a normal kidney, which of the following conditions would cause an increase in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
A) constriction of the afferent arteriole
B) a decrease in the hydraulic pressure of the glomerulus
C) an increase in the capsular hydra
D) a decrease in the concentration of plasma proteins in the blood