Physiology Final 12/14/2012

State all that are true about Gustation: A. Both sweet and salty taste used g protein to activate ATP.
B. Salt gestation depolarizes the taste receptor directly and activated Ca++ channels
C. Bitter taste eventually uses Ca++ to release serotonin to activ

B. Salt gestation depolarizes the taste receptor directly and activated Ca++ channels

Which taste receptor would use a proton (H+) pump to trigger an action potential?
a. sour
b. bitter
c. sweet
d. salt
e. water

a. sour

The primary purpose of the auditory ossicles is ___________.
a. to equalize pressure in the middle ear.
b. to amplify vibration
c. to dampen vibration
d. to transmit Otitis media
e. pinnia

b. to amplify vibration

The external auditory canal ends at the ________.

tympanic membrane

The ossciles connect the ____________.

tympanic membrane to the oval window

Sound waves are converted into mechanical movements by the

tympanic membrane

The structure that overlies the organ of Corti is the __________.
a. bailar membrane
b. tectorial membrane
c. stapedius
d,. perilymph
e. endolymph

b. tectorial membrane

Bob has a gun fire next to hear. Which part of the ear picks up the sound?
a. later portion of the peilymph of the scala vestibule
b. early portion of the perilymph of the scala vestibuli
c. early portion of the perilymph of the scala tympani
d. coclear d

b. early portion of the perilymph of the scala vestibuli

Coding sound for pitch is a function of the
a. tectorial membrane
b. basilar membrane
c. vestibular membrane
d. endolymph

b. basilar membrane

In the previous question, which structure would make an attempt to dampen the sound in Bob's ear?
a. oval window
b. round window
c. mallellus
d. stapes
e. incus

b. round window

Sensations of gravity and linear acceleration are registered in the
a. semicircular canals
b. cochlea
c. ossicles
d. saccule and utricle
e. organ of Corti.

d. saccule and utricle

Bob turns his head to the left. Which portion of the semicircular canals detect this movement?
a. posterior canal
b. lateral canal
c. horizontal canal
e. B and C

e. B and C

13. The sensation of smell _______________
a. utilizes canal nerve 2 to end its synapse in the brain.
b. requires a second messenger system of cycle AMP to activate a cascade of enzymes in order to trigger sodium voltage gated channels

b. requires a second messenger system of cycle AMP to activate a cascade of enzymes in order to trigger sodium voltage gated channels

Which valves have chordae tendineae? a. aortic and pulmonary valves
b. bicuspid and tricuspid
c. mitral valve
d. B and C
e. A, B and C

d. B and C

The flattening of the action potentials of myocardial contractile cells, called the plateau phase, is due to a combo of _______ fast K+ channel permeability and ______Ca2+ permeability
a. increasing, increasing
b. decreasing, increasing
c. increasing, dec

d. decreasing, increasing

The end of the plateau phase is due to the ______ of Ca2+ channels and _______ of slow K+ channels
a. increasing, opening
b. closing, closing
c. opening, closing
d. closing, opening

d. closing, opening

A typical action potential of a myocardial contractile cell lasts ________ milliseconds
a. less than 1
b. 1-5
c. 50-100
d. at least 200
e. at least 500

d. at least 200

The importance of plateau phase of the action potential of myocardial cells is in
a. preventing overstretching of the cells
b. enhancing the efficiency of oxygen by the cells.
c. preventing tetanus
d. preventing filtration
e. regulation Ca2+ availability

c. preventing tetanus

Myocardial cells can generate action potentials spontaneously because they have
a. unstable ion channels
b. permanently open channels for Na+ and K+

a. unstable ion channels

The depolarization of the pacemaker action potential spreads to adjacent cells through
a. gap junction
b. tight junction
c. chemical synapse

a. gap junction

The fibrous skeleton of the heart is important because it

forces electrical activity to be conducted through the atrioventricular node.

The cardiac output is equal to

the product of heart rate and stroke volume

During ventricular systole

the AV valves are closed

Autorhythic cells

are also called pacemakers because they set the rate of the heartbeat

The AV node is important because it
a. directs electrical impulses from the atria to the ventricles
b. delays the transmission of the electrical impulses to the venticles in order for the atria to finish contracting
d. A and B

d. A and B

Which of the following events results in the first heart sound?
a. the Av valves open
b. the AV valves close
c. the semilunar valve close
d. the semilunar valve open
e. the atria contract

b. the AV valves close

During the cardiac cycle,

The QRS complex of the ECG precedes to increase in ventricular pressure

The action potential in a cardiac contractile cell causes

opening of L type calcium channels

The QRS complex of the ECG corresponds to

the progressive wave of ventricular depolarization

30. When the heart is in fibrillation, ____________________.

effective pumping of the ventricles ceases because the myocardial cells fail to work as a team, and the brain cannot get adequate oxygen.

Place these structures in order that blood returning to the heart from the body would pass through them.
1. RV
2. LA
3. RA
4. PA
5. LV
6. PV

3 1 4 6 2 5

Put these autorhythmic cells into the correct order for conveying electrical signals through a normal heart
1. Bundle of HIS
2. intermodal pathway
3. Purkinje fibers
4. Atrioventicular node
5. Sinoatrial node
6. Left and right bundle branches

5 2 4 1 6 3

If a myocardial infraction results in the formation of scar tissue along the pathway of the left bundle branch

cardiac arrhythmia may occur

Manganese ions block the calcium channels in the cardiac muscle membrane. How would the presence of mg in the extra cellar fluid affect the heart rate?

the heart rate would beat less forcefully

What physiological event occurs during the relaxation of the heart muscle immediately after Ca++ is returned to the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

Ca++ is exchanged with Na+ by the NCX antiporter

Nutrient absorption occurs primarly in the

small intestine

In the digestive system, HCL is released by _____________, where HCO3- is secreted primarily from the ____________.

parietal cells of the stomach, pancreas duct cells

Which organ produces enzymes that do most of the work in the small intestine?
a. liver
b. duodenum
c. stomach
d. pancreas

d. pancreas

All of the following are functions of the liver except?

aids in creation of new RBCs when old ones get damaged

The release of many GI tract hormone is stimulated by a particular food or substance. Which hormone is incorrectly paired with its stimulus?
a. CCK - fatty foods
b. secretion - acid in the small intestine
c. GIP - glucose in the small intestine
d. gastrin

d. gastrin - carbohydrates, increased sympathetic activity

In the oxygen depleted skeletal muscle what does not happen during carbon dioxide transport in the red blood cell?
a.carbonic anhydrase enzyme fuses water and carbon dioxide together to form carbonic acid
b. O2 is released from hemoglobin
c. bicarbonate i

e. all of the above are correct

What happens after bob has eaten a large steak with the grissle and which enzymes are working on the meat and fat (choose the best answer)?

protease enzymes will break the protein down to allow for it to be transported

In reference to the previous question, what also happens when the amino acids reaches the intestines?
b. dipeptidase enzymes will be activated on the brush border in order to break the dipeptides trpeptides down further
c. the brush boder side will use a

d. both B and C

Chief cells secret __________________.
a. pepsinogen
b. gastrin
c. mucus
d. hydrochloric acid
e. intrinsic factor

a. pepsinogen

Which of the following is the sequence of layers from the lumen to the outer wall of the digestive tract?

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

Which is not a phase of swallowing?
a. laryngeal
b. esophageal
c. boccal
d. pharyngeal
e. all of the above

a. laryngeal

Put the following sets of fat digestion and absorption in order.
1. Bile salts coat droplets
2. Cholestrol is transported into cells
3. Chylomicrons are formed
4. Chylomicrons are released into lymphatic system
5. Monoglycerides and fatty acids move out o

1 6 5 2 3 4

Use the diagram to answer the question. Which is not matched up correctly?

splenic rupture

General rule of abdominal diagnosis is pain and then vomiting is likely surgical.
a. true
b. false

a. true

The vitreous chamber of the eye

help to stabilize it and give physical support to the retina

The ciliary muscle helps to
a. control the amount of light reaching the retina
b. control the shape of the lens
c. control the production of the aqueous humor.
d. move the eyeball
e. none of the above

b. control the shape of the lens

An area of the retina that contains only cones and is the site of sharpest vision is the
a. outer segment
b. inner segment
c. fovea
d. optic disc
e. tapetum lucidium

c. fovea

All of the following are true of the eye except

the photoreceptor of the eye uses depolarization and Na, K, ATP pumps a primary source to detect light

When all three cone populations are stimulated equally, we see
a. purples
b. orange
c. brown
d. white
e. black

d. white

The amount of light reaching the retina is controlled by the
a. lens
b. iris
c. optic disc
d. cilary muscle
e. gas exchange

b. iris

Which is NOT considered to be a primary function of the respiratory system?
a. regulation of water balance
b. regulation of PH balance
c. protection against pathogens
d. vocalization
e. gas exchange

a. regulation of water balance

The upper respiratory tract includes all EXCEPT which of the following?
a. nasal cavity
b. lungs
c. trachea
d. larynx
e. mouth

b. lungs

The actual site of gas exchange within the lungs are

alveoli

Type II alveolar cells

helps prevent the alveoli from collapsing

Surfactant _________________.

Helps prevent the alveoli from collapsing

When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract, ____________________.
a. the volume of the thorax increases
b. the volume of the thoraz decreases
c. the volume of the lungs decrease

a. the volume of the thorax increases

Air moves into the lungs because ___________________.

the pressure in the lungs is less than outside pressure

If a student inhales as deeply as possible and then blows the air out until he cannot exhale any more, the amount of air that he expelled is his ______________.
a. tidal volume
b. inspiratory reserve volume
c. expiratory reserve volume
e. vital capacity

e. vital capacity

The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the blood and interstital fluid is __________.

diffusion

Of the factors that influence diffustion of respiratory gas, the most viable and, therefore, important factor to consider is the ________.

concentration gradient

Most of the Carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as _______________.

bicarbonate ion

Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is ____________.

bond to hemoglobin

Which if the following would make the Oxygen-hemoglobin curve shift right?

increased H+ concentration

Which of the follow best describes percent atmospheric pressure of air that you breath in?

79% N2 21% O2 0.005% CO2

The most important chemical regulator of respiration is __________.
a. oxygen
b. carbon dioxide
c. bicarbonate ion
d. sodium ion
e. hemoglobin

b. carbon dioxide

A molecule that blocks the activity of carbonic anhydrase would _______________.

cause an increase in blood pH

If the neural connections between the pons and medulla are served, ____________.

pulmonary ventilation will decrease

Blocking afferent action potentials from the chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies would interfere with the brain's ability to reg. breathing in response to all EXCEPT which of the following?

changes in blood pressure

The chloride shift occurs when ___________.

bicarbonate ions leave the red blood cells

When the diaphragm and external Intercostal muscles contract

intraplueral pressure decrease