State all that are true about Gustation: A. Both sweet and salty taste used g protein to activate ATP.
B. Salt gestation depolarizes the taste receptor directly and activated Ca++ channels
C. Bitter taste eventually uses Ca++ to release serotonin to activ
B. Salt gestation depolarizes the taste receptor directly and activated Ca++ channels
Which taste receptor would use a proton (H+) pump to trigger an action potential?
a. sour
b. bitter
c. sweet
d. salt
e. water
a. sour
The primary purpose of the auditory ossicles is ___________.
a. to equalize pressure in the middle ear.
b. to amplify vibration
c. to dampen vibration
d. to transmit Otitis media
e. pinnia
b. to amplify vibration
The external auditory canal ends at the ________.
tympanic membrane
The ossciles connect the ____________.
tympanic membrane to the oval window
Sound waves are converted into mechanical movements by the
tympanic membrane
The structure that overlies the organ of Corti is the __________.
a. bailar membrane
b. tectorial membrane
c. stapedius
d,. perilymph
e. endolymph
b. tectorial membrane
Bob has a gun fire next to hear. Which part of the ear picks up the sound?
a. later portion of the peilymph of the scala vestibule
b. early portion of the perilymph of the scala vestibuli
c. early portion of the perilymph of the scala tympani
d. coclear d
b. early portion of the perilymph of the scala vestibuli
Coding sound for pitch is a function of the
a. tectorial membrane
b. basilar membrane
c. vestibular membrane
d. endolymph
b. basilar membrane
In the previous question, which structure would make an attempt to dampen the sound in Bob's ear?
a. oval window
b. round window
c. mallellus
d. stapes
e. incus
b. round window
Sensations of gravity and linear acceleration are registered in the
a. semicircular canals
b. cochlea
c. ossicles
d. saccule and utricle
e. organ of Corti.
d. saccule and utricle
Bob turns his head to the left. Which portion of the semicircular canals detect this movement?
a. posterior canal
b. lateral canal
c. horizontal canal
e. B and C
e. B and C
13. The sensation of smell _______________
a. utilizes canal nerve 2 to end its synapse in the brain.
b. requires a second messenger system of cycle AMP to activate a cascade of enzymes in order to trigger sodium voltage gated channels
b. requires a second messenger system of cycle AMP to activate a cascade of enzymes in order to trigger sodium voltage gated channels
Which valves have chordae tendineae? a. aortic and pulmonary valves
b. bicuspid and tricuspid
c. mitral valve
d. B and C
e. A, B and C
d. B and C
The flattening of the action potentials of myocardial contractile cells, called the plateau phase, is due to a combo of _______ fast K+ channel permeability and ______Ca2+ permeability
a. increasing, increasing
b. decreasing, increasing
c. increasing, dec
d. decreasing, increasing
The end of the plateau phase is due to the ______ of Ca2+ channels and _______ of slow K+ channels
a. increasing, opening
b. closing, closing
c. opening, closing
d. closing, opening
d. closing, opening
A typical action potential of a myocardial contractile cell lasts ________ milliseconds
a. less than 1
b. 1-5
c. 50-100
d. at least 200
e. at least 500
d. at least 200
The importance of plateau phase of the action potential of myocardial cells is in
a. preventing overstretching of the cells
b. enhancing the efficiency of oxygen by the cells.
c. preventing tetanus
d. preventing filtration
e. regulation Ca2+ availability
c. preventing tetanus
Myocardial cells can generate action potentials spontaneously because they have
a. unstable ion channels
b. permanently open channels for Na+ and K+
a. unstable ion channels
The depolarization of the pacemaker action potential spreads to adjacent cells through
a. gap junction
b. tight junction
c. chemical synapse
a. gap junction
The fibrous skeleton of the heart is important because it
forces electrical activity to be conducted through the atrioventricular node.
The cardiac output is equal to
the product of heart rate and stroke volume
During ventricular systole
the AV valves are closed
Autorhythic cells
are also called pacemakers because they set the rate of the heartbeat
The AV node is important because it
a. directs electrical impulses from the atria to the ventricles
b. delays the transmission of the electrical impulses to the venticles in order for the atria to finish contracting
d. A and B
d. A and B
Which of the following events results in the first heart sound?
a. the Av valves open
b. the AV valves close
c. the semilunar valve close
d. the semilunar valve open
e. the atria contract
b. the AV valves close
During the cardiac cycle,
The QRS complex of the ECG precedes to increase in ventricular pressure
The action potential in a cardiac contractile cell causes
opening of L type calcium channels
The QRS complex of the ECG corresponds to
the progressive wave of ventricular depolarization
30. When the heart is in fibrillation, ____________________.
effective pumping of the ventricles ceases because the myocardial cells fail to work as a team, and the brain cannot get adequate oxygen.
Place these structures in order that blood returning to the heart from the body would pass through them.
1. RV
2. LA
3. RA
4. PA
5. LV
6. PV
3 1 4 6 2 5
Put these autorhythmic cells into the correct order for conveying electrical signals through a normal heart
1. Bundle of HIS
2. intermodal pathway
3. Purkinje fibers
4. Atrioventicular node
5. Sinoatrial node
6. Left and right bundle branches
5 2 4 1 6 3
If a myocardial infraction results in the formation of scar tissue along the pathway of the left bundle branch
cardiac arrhythmia may occur
Manganese ions block the calcium channels in the cardiac muscle membrane. How would the presence of mg in the extra cellar fluid affect the heart rate?
the heart rate would beat less forcefully
What physiological event occurs during the relaxation of the heart muscle immediately after Ca++ is returned to the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
Ca++ is exchanged with Na+ by the NCX antiporter
Nutrient absorption occurs primarly in the
small intestine
In the digestive system, HCL is released by _____________, where HCO3- is secreted primarily from the ____________.
parietal cells of the stomach, pancreas duct cells
Which organ produces enzymes that do most of the work in the small intestine?
a. liver
b. duodenum
c. stomach
d. pancreas
d. pancreas
All of the following are functions of the liver except?
aids in creation of new RBCs when old ones get damaged
The release of many GI tract hormone is stimulated by a particular food or substance. Which hormone is incorrectly paired with its stimulus?
a. CCK - fatty foods
b. secretion - acid in the small intestine
c. GIP - glucose in the small intestine
d. gastrin
d. gastrin - carbohydrates, increased sympathetic activity
In the oxygen depleted skeletal muscle what does not happen during carbon dioxide transport in the red blood cell?
a.carbonic anhydrase enzyme fuses water and carbon dioxide together to form carbonic acid
b. O2 is released from hemoglobin
c. bicarbonate i
e. all of the above are correct
What happens after bob has eaten a large steak with the grissle and which enzymes are working on the meat and fat (choose the best answer)?
protease enzymes will break the protein down to allow for it to be transported
In reference to the previous question, what also happens when the amino acids reaches the intestines?
b. dipeptidase enzymes will be activated on the brush border in order to break the dipeptides trpeptides down further
c. the brush boder side will use a
d. both B and C
Chief cells secret __________________.
a. pepsinogen
b. gastrin
c. mucus
d. hydrochloric acid
e. intrinsic factor
a. pepsinogen
Which of the following is the sequence of layers from the lumen to the outer wall of the digestive tract?
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa
Which is not a phase of swallowing?
a. laryngeal
b. esophageal
c. boccal
d. pharyngeal
e. all of the above
a. laryngeal
Put the following sets of fat digestion and absorption in order.
1. Bile salts coat droplets
2. Cholestrol is transported into cells
3. Chylomicrons are formed
4. Chylomicrons are released into lymphatic system
5. Monoglycerides and fatty acids move out o
1 6 5 2 3 4
Use the diagram to answer the question. Which is not matched up correctly?
splenic rupture
General rule of abdominal diagnosis is pain and then vomiting is likely surgical.
a. true
b. false
a. true
The vitreous chamber of the eye
help to stabilize it and give physical support to the retina
The ciliary muscle helps to
a. control the amount of light reaching the retina
b. control the shape of the lens
c. control the production of the aqueous humor.
d. move the eyeball
e. none of the above
b. control the shape of the lens
An area of the retina that contains only cones and is the site of sharpest vision is the
a. outer segment
b. inner segment
c. fovea
d. optic disc
e. tapetum lucidium
c. fovea
All of the following are true of the eye except
the photoreceptor of the eye uses depolarization and Na, K, ATP pumps a primary source to detect light
When all three cone populations are stimulated equally, we see
a. purples
b. orange
c. brown
d. white
e. black
d. white
The amount of light reaching the retina is controlled by the
a. lens
b. iris
c. optic disc
d. cilary muscle
e. gas exchange
b. iris
Which is NOT considered to be a primary function of the respiratory system?
a. regulation of water balance
b. regulation of PH balance
c. protection against pathogens
d. vocalization
e. gas exchange
a. regulation of water balance
The upper respiratory tract includes all EXCEPT which of the following?
a. nasal cavity
b. lungs
c. trachea
d. larynx
e. mouth
b. lungs
The actual site of gas exchange within the lungs are
alveoli
Type II alveolar cells
helps prevent the alveoli from collapsing
Surfactant _________________.
Helps prevent the alveoli from collapsing
When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract, ____________________.
a. the volume of the thorax increases
b. the volume of the thoraz decreases
c. the volume of the lungs decrease
a. the volume of the thorax increases
Air moves into the lungs because ___________________.
the pressure in the lungs is less than outside pressure
If a student inhales as deeply as possible and then blows the air out until he cannot exhale any more, the amount of air that he expelled is his ______________.
a. tidal volume
b. inspiratory reserve volume
c. expiratory reserve volume
e. vital capacity
e. vital capacity
The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the blood and interstital fluid is __________.
diffusion
Of the factors that influence diffustion of respiratory gas, the most viable and, therefore, important factor to consider is the ________.
concentration gradient
Most of the Carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as _______________.
bicarbonate ion
Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is ____________.
bond to hemoglobin
Which if the following would make the Oxygen-hemoglobin curve shift right?
increased H+ concentration
Which of the follow best describes percent atmospheric pressure of air that you breath in?
79% N2 21% O2 0.005% CO2
The most important chemical regulator of respiration is __________.
a. oxygen
b. carbon dioxide
c. bicarbonate ion
d. sodium ion
e. hemoglobin
b. carbon dioxide
A molecule that blocks the activity of carbonic anhydrase would _______________.
cause an increase in blood pH
If the neural connections between the pons and medulla are served, ____________.
pulmonary ventilation will decrease
Blocking afferent action potentials from the chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies would interfere with the brain's ability to reg. breathing in response to all EXCEPT which of the following?
changes in blood pressure
The chloride shift occurs when ___________.
bicarbonate ions leave the red blood cells
When the diaphragm and external Intercostal muscles contract
intraplueral pressure decrease