lymphatic
body fluid that carries extra interstitial fluid into the venous circulation
O-
universal blood donor type for RBC transfusions
No Antigens
ID in 2 words why the universal blood donor type is universal
AB+
universal blood recipient
No antibodies
ID in 2 words why the universal recipient blood type is possible
QPS
In the standard Lead II ECG trace, ID the specific location that includes both ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
Systolic/Diastolic
blood pressure measures what/what in the heart
Hypothyroidism
Regardless of the cause, this results in elevated blood levels of TSH and TRH
FALSE
T/F - ABO and Rh blood types are the only known blood types to exist in humans
Pulmonary
circulation that involves the right side of the heart
systemic
circulation that involves the left side of the heart
FALSE
T/F - stronger stimuli increase the frequency of endocrine signals and the amplitude (concentration) or nervous signals
Atrioventricular heart valves
heart valves that require muscle contraction for normal function
Semilunar valves
heart valves that rely on gravity for normal function
TRUE
T/F - both the endocrine and nervous systems use receptor proteins, chemical signals, and can send a message to most of the body simultaneously
TRUE
T/F and Rh+ female will never cause hemolytic disease of the newborn in any of her other children as she will not make antigens against her self antibodies
lack of ACh function
most muscle fatigue is caused by
lack of ATP
muscle fatigue is rarely caused by
Agglutination
what could happen if AB- blood is given to someone with A- blood?
continuous
capillaries in the brain and muscles are _____
discontinuous
capillaries in the kidneys, intestines, and endocrine glands are _____
production
A dietary deficiency of iodine will prevent adequate ____ of thyroxine
function
A dietary deficiency of Vitamin A will prevent adequate ______ of thyroxine
O-, O+
list all blood types that can be given to someone with O+ blood
entire autonomic nervous system
NS that sends signals to cardiac and smooth muscles
somatic motor nervous system
NS that sends signals to skeletal muscles
somatic motor nervous system
NS that usually uses a one-way neuron pathway from the CNS
Entire ANS
NS that usually involves at least one ganglion
somatic motor nervous system
NS where all signals originate in the cerebrum and are modulated by the cerebellum
somatic motor
denervation causes total lack of function
ONLY the sympathetic division of the ANS
NS that is the only innervation for the adrenal medulla, blood vessels, arrector pili, and sweat glands
Slow twitch
type of muscle fiber richest in mitochondria, myoglobin, and blood supply
slow twitch fibers
type of muscle fiber most capable of sustained contractions without fatigue
both fast and slow twitch fibers
type of muscle fiber where each motor unit contains the same fiber type
thrombocyte
formed element required for hemostasis
erythrocyte
formed element agglutinated in transfusion reactions such as HDN
erythrocyte
formed element that survives up to 120 days in blood
thrombocyte
formed element that survives up to 5 - 9 days in blood
erythrocyte
formed element that contains carbonic anhydrase for blood pH regulation
thrombocyte
formed element that is produced by fragmentation of megakaryocytes, not an intact cell in circulating blood
thrombocyte
formed element that is made permanently less functional by a very small dose of asprin
growth hormone
stimulates growth and tissue development/maturation in entire body
insulin
decreases blood glucose after eating
adrenaline
causes mass activation of fight or flight responses
calcitonin
increases renal excretion of calcium
PTH
increases intestinal absorption of calcium
glucagon
increases resting blood glucose to homeostatic normal
calcitonin
keeps blood calcium levels from getting too elevated
pancreas
specific organ responsible for regulation of resting blood sugar
insulin
activates glucose receptors to send glucose into body cells
glucagon
increases liver glycogenolysis to affect blood sugar levels
veins
heart
lymphatic vessels
list 3 distinctly difference anatomical structures with valves to prevent backflow
erythropoeisis
process that requires dietary folic acid
erythropoeisis
process that occurs in the fetal liver and adult bone marrow
hemostasis
process that begins with vasoconstriction
hemostasis
process where inadequate vitamin K slows down and eventually stops this process
erythropoeisis
process that requires dietary iron
erythropoeisis and hemostasis
process that requires dietary protein (essential amino acids)
changes in levels of a non-hormone
one hormone controlling/affecting another
nervous system stimulation
three distinctly different things that stimulate hormone production and or secretion
hemostasis
process where fibrinogen is converted to fibrin, making a protein fiber web
O+
what is the blood type of the patient is they exhibit agglutination in one of the three wells, the well with the Rh- antibodies
only the sensory nervous system
NS that includes only afferent signals
Entire ANS
NS where signals can be inhibitory
only the sympathetic division of the ANS
NS where pre-ganglionic neuron cell bodies are thoracolumbar in their CNS location
somatic motor NS
NS where all neuron cell bodies are in the CNS
Fast-Twitch fibers
muscle fibers richest in glycogen and glycolytic enzymes
erythrocyte
blood formed element not capable of independent movement or mitosis
erythrocyte
blood formed element where the mature cell is incapable of aerobic respiration
PTH
stimulates osteoclasts to dissolve bone
Aldosterone
increases renal Na+ reabsorption
ADH/vasopression
increases renal absorption of water and nothing else
thyroxine
receptors regulate sodium potassium pumps of target cells
insulin
stimulates increased glycogensis in skeletal muscle and liver
cortisol
stimulates lipolysis or other glyconeogenesis for ATP production
osmolarity
ADH
Post. Pituitary
kidneys
reabsorption
increased blood ____ stimulates release of _____(hormone) from the ______ (gland)whose target receptors in the _____ (organ) cause increased _______ of water, thus increasing blood plasma/volume
hemostasis
process where fibrinogen is converted to fibrin, making a protein fiber web
erythropoeisis
process that requires exogenous vitamin B12 (cyanobalamin)
both fibrinogen and globulins
plasma protein produced by the liver
fibrinogen
plasma protein required for normal hemostasis
albumin
plasma protein responsible for most of the blood osmotic pressure
kidney
renal
bone marrow
decreased blood oxygen in the renal artery stimulates the ____ (organ) to release _____ (hormone) whole target receptors in the _____ (organ) will increase the rate of red blood production
intercallated discs
unique characteristic of cardiac muscle
voluntary movement
unique characteristic of skeletal muscle
not striated
unique characteristic of smooth muscle
both ANS and Endocrine
antagonistic (either or actions) caused by the ________ body system
nervous system
complementary (similar actions but at different times) actions are caused by the ____ body system
both ANS and Endocrine
cooperative/synergistic actions (at the same time or for a single function) are caused by the ____ body system
endocrine system
permissive actions (first signal makes a second signal more effective) caused by which body system
Ductus Arteriosis - keeps oxygen from mother going to the fetus by bypassing the fetal lungs
unique feature of fetal circulation and its function
creatine makes sure the muscles don't run out of phosphate
How does creatine phosphate relate to this reaction: ATP <-> ADP + Pi
Sympathetic mass activation with inhibitory message to digestive tract; stimulates increased blood
flow to more "important" organs related to the fight-or-flight response
Precapillary sphincters to reduce blood flow to digestive tissues
Contraction of spl
You are riding a bicycle and see a car being driven erratically and heading directly toward you. Identify three specific yet distinctly different structures and/or processes that will allow your body to reduce blood to your intestinal tract (and other sys
a. Why is it possible? Anti-Rh antibodies are only formed with exposure to Rh+ blood so do not exist at the first exposure to Rh+ blood.
b. Why is it never done? Not wise to assume we know it is the very first exposure to Rh+ blood as the risk of immediat
Briefly but specifically explain why a patient with Rh neg (Rh-) blood can receive Rh pos (Rh+) blood once AND specifically why it is never actually even given once.
somatic motor sys
NS where all signals are exitatory
growth hormone
stimulates growth and tissue development/maturation in the entire body
androgens
stimulates protein anabolism
cortisol
stimulates protein catabolism
adrenaline
increases strength of muscle contraction by keeping Ca2+ channels open longer
Fiber
channel
ATP
sarcomere
pumps
ATP
An action potential enters an individual muscle ____ causing the calcium ____ of the sarcoplasmic reticulum to open, releasing calcium into the sarcoplasm. Calcium and ___ are required for cross bridge formation between actin and myosin, leading to the po