What does the narrated self consist of?
the story (stories) we tell about our social self
What is Cooley's concept of the looking-glass self?
we learn about ourselves through our beliefs about what other people think of us
What is downward comparison?
The tendency to compare oneself to someone slightly worse off, or less capable than oneself (this can increase our self-esteem)
What is upward comparison?
comparing ourselves to those who are better off, more skilled, etc.
What is upward comparison useful and detrimental for?
It can be useful for developing our self-concept, but it can lead us to lose some self-esteem, at least temporarily
What is trait self-esteem?
A person's enduring level of self-esteem regard over time
What is state self-esteem?
a dynamic, changeable self-evaluation; momentary feelings about the self
Knowing about the influence of culture, who might you expect to speak more of themselves, particularly positive statements, a Canadian student or Vietnamese student?
Canadian student
What is the self-serving construal called the better-than-average effect?
people tend to think that they are above average
What has research supporting self-verification theory shown?
that people selectively attend to information that is consistent with their self-views
What are ideal-self standards related to a promotion focus?
focus on attaining positive outcomes through approach-related behavior
What are ought-self standards related to a prevention focus?
focus on avoiding negative outcomes through avoidance-related behaviors
What is "face"?
Goffman's term for the public image of ourselves that we want others to believe