Haploid
having a single set of unpaired chromosomes
Dominant
An allele that is always expressed
Monohybrid
A cross between individuals that involves one pair of contrasting traits
Diploid
containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.
Recessive
An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present
Dihybrid
A cross involving two traits
Homozygous
An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait
Genotype
An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations.
Allele
Different forms of a gene
Heterozygous
An organism that has two different alleles for a trait
Phenotype
An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.
Law of Segregation
Mendelian law stating that two alleles for each trait separate during meiosis
Law of Independent Assortment
Each member of a pair of homologous chromosomes separates independently of the members of other pairs so the results are random
Null Hypothesis
the hypothesis that there is no significant difference between specified populations, any observed difference being due to sampling or experimental error.
Incomplete dominance
Situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another allele
Codominance
A condition in which neither of two alleles of a gene is dominant or recessive.
Epistasis
A type of gene interaction in which one gene alters the phenotypic effects of another gene that is independently inherited.
Polygenic inheritance
occurs when multiple genes determine the phenotype of a trait
Pleiotropy
A single gene having multiple effects on an individuals phenotype
Heterozygote advantage
occurs when heterozygotes have a higher fitness than do both homozygotes
Reproductive isolation
Separation of species or populations so that they cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring
Sex linkage
the phenotypic expression of an allele that is dependent on the gender of the individual and is directly tied to the sex chromosomes.
Nondisjunction
Failure of paired chromosomes to separate (to disjoin) during cell division, so that both chromosomes go to one daughter cell and none go to the other. It causes errors in chromosome number, such as trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) and monosomy X (Turner syndro
Multiply
How do you calculate the probability of two events occurring together?
more likely
Are genes that are close together more or less likely to stay together during chiasmata (crossing over)?
Diseases will wipe out a large portion of the population. No evolution.
What is the evolutionary reason that we DO NOT want monocultures?
Accept
If the chi square value is less than the critical value, do you reject or accept the null?
Reject
If the chi square value is more than the critical value, do you reject or accept the null?
A large breeding population.
Random mating.
No mutation.
No immigration or emigration.
No natural selection.
What are the 5 conditions of Hardy Weinberg?
subtract 1 from the amount of variations.
How do you calculate the degrees of freedom?