negative correlation coefficient
relationship where one variable increases while the other decreases
positive correlation coefficient
relationship where two variables increase together
correlation
A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other.
Causation
the demonstration of how one variable influences (or the effect of a variable) another variable or other variables
cross-sectional v. longitudinal studies
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deception experiment
misleading participants about the true purpose of a study or the events that will actually transpire
debriefing in experiments
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case study (descriptive research)
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naturalistic observation
observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
survey (descriptive research)
a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group
experimental research
the group in an experiment that receives the variable being tested
independent variable
independent variable- the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.
dependent variable
The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.
mean
average
median
the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it
Mode
the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution
normal distribution (bell curve)
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cognitive perspective
how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information
evolutionary perspective
how the natural selection of traits has promoted the survival of genes
Behavioral Perspective
how we learn observable responses
psychoanalytic perspective
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biological perspective
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socio-cultural perspective
how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures
research ethics (deception)
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debriefing
a verbal description of the true nature and purpose of a study
informed consent
An ethical principle requiring that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate.
standard deviation
a measure of variability that describes an average distance of every score from the mean
Wilhelm Wundt
German physiologist who founded psychology as a formal science; opened first psychology research laboratory in 1879
adrenal glands--bodily response
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agonists
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antagonists
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Medulla
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reticular formation
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Pons
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Cerebellum
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cerebral cortex--lobes and functions
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corpus callosum
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Depressants
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stimulants
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lateralization (left and right hemispheres)
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hippocampus,
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amygdala
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hypothalamus
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dendrites
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cell bodyacetylcholine,
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axon
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acetylcholine
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dopamine
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serotonin
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physical v. psychological dependence
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REM sleep
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sensory cortex
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sleep disorders (apnea, narcolepsy, insomnia)
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Wernicke and Broca's areas
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sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
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