Population Affinities
Living populations
Skeletal populations
Fossils
Greater population
Origin and evolution of modern humans
Fewer population
Pop. Mix, migration, identity
phylogenetic tree
A family tree that shows the evolutionary relationships thought to exist among groups of organisms
Branch
Divergence of time and connection
Node
common ancestor
Neutral tree
numbers of accumulated nucleotide substitutions in each branch of the phylogenetic tree, and also, all the ancestral sequences at the branch points are known
Balancing selection
Directional selection
population bottleneck
a type of genetic drift in which population size is sharply reduced due to some catastrophic event
geographic isolation
isolation between populations due to physical barriers
Migration
Form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location.
outgroups
Species/population that has unambiguously separated the earliest from the other species or populations being studied
Distance Matrix Approach
UPGMA
Distance matrix
Two taxa w/ smallest distance cluster together
Assume constant rate of evolution across all lineages
UPGMA
unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean
Neighbour joining method
Capable of different rates of evolution across all lineages
Parsimony Approach
Attempt to minimize the # of mutations that a phylogenetic tree must invoke to account for the sequence of all taxa being considered
Mutation is rare
Bootstrapping/Tree reliability
Subset of data is drawn with replacement and a tree is inferred from these new data
Repeat 100-1000+ times to find best tree
Total variation
Amount of mutation/variation
Antiquity
Amount of mutation/mutation rate
I.e.Molecular clock
Molecular clock
-Mutation rate can be calibrated
-used DNA markers or not affected by natural selection
-Mitochondrial DNA is the best candidate
Human/Neandertal common ancestor
550000 - 690000 Years ago
All human common ancestor
120000 - 150000 years ago