The recipe for evolution
change passed on through generations" variation, selection, inheritability
variation
provides the raw materials (traits)
selection
does the choosing
Inheritability
passes traits onto the next generation
2 types of evolution
1. adaptive evolution
2. non-adaptive evolution
adaptive evolution
when the presence or absence of a trait INCREASES the fitness of an individual or population
non-adaptive evolution
when the presence or absence of a trait does not increase the fitness of an individual or population
natural selection is not evolution!!!!!
...
evolution is what
variation + selection + inheritability
Types of selection
Adaptive evolution (Natural selection / sexual selection)
Non-adaptive evolution (Artificial selection / Random selection)
Natural selection
ENVIRONMENT determines the distribution and abundance of a trait
Sexual selection
MATE CHOICE determines the distribution and abundance of trait
Artificial Selection
HUMANS determine the distribution and abundance of traits
random selection
RANDOM EVENTS (ex, disasters) determine the distribution and abundance of traits
NOT every physical trait is an adaptation
...
horseshoe crabs
-order: xiphosurida
-habitat: shallow marine
-ecology: worm and mollusk predator, food for migrating birds, biomedical research
Arachnids
Jawless arthropods including:
-spiders
-harvestmen
-mites
-scorpions
-psuedoscorpions
-whipscorpions
-sun scorpions
-wind scorpions, camel spiders, etc.
spiders
-order: araneae
-habitat: practically everywhere
-ecology: predatory, venomous, spins webs, 0-8 pairs of eyes, on drugs, myth
scorpions
-order: scorpionida
-habitat: not only dry climates
-ecology: predatory, venomous, live birth, courtship dance, glow
Phylum arthropoda
-jointed appendages
-segmented body
-external skeleton
myriapoda
-terrestrial jawed non-insect arthropods including: millipedes, centipedes, garden centipedes
-2 body region: head, trunk
-numerous pairs of walking legs
Millipedes
-class: Diplopoda
-Habitat: damp forest
-ecology: mostly detrotovpres, 30+ pairs of legs (2/seg), release toxic fluids
Centipedes
-class: Chilopoda
-Habitat: on or below ground
-ecology: predatory, venomous, 15+ pairs of legs (1/seg)
Crustaceans
-class: Malacostraca
-Habitat: mostly marine
-Ecology: feed on living and dead organisms
Hexapoda
Terrestrial jawed 6-legged arthropods
-Primitively wingless hexapods: coneheads, springtails, two-pronged bristletails
-Insects: jumping bristletails, silverfish and firebrats, etc
Springtails
-subclass: collembola
-habitat: soil/leaf litter
-ecology: detritivores/microbivores, courtship dance, snow fleas
metamorphosis
physical, biochemical, and/or behavioral changes
-Incomplete
old winged" insects
-division palaeoptera: mayflies, dragonflies, and damselflies
-2 pairs of permanently outstretched wings
-aquatic immatures - naiads
mayflies
-order: Ephemeroptera
-habitat: clean streams and ponds
-Ecology - naiads mostly herbivorous, terrestrial adults don't feed, 3 tails
Dragonflies & damselflies
Order - Odanata
Habitat - streams and ponds
Ecology - predator (naiad/adult), loop & scoop, territorial
new winged" insects
Division Neoptera (folded* wings):
Grasshopper-like
True Bugs, Lice, etc.
Beetles, Butterflies/Moths, Flies, Wasps/Bees etc.
Stoneflies
Order - Plecoptera (pleco-ptera)
Habitat - clean moving water (O2)
Ecology - detritivores & predators, drumming
Earwigs
Order - Dermaptera (derma-ptera)
Habitat - mostly tropical
Ecology - omnivorous, nocturnal, pincers (grooming, defense, courtship & wings)
Grasshoppers & crickets
Order - Orthoptera (ortho-ptera)
Large hind legs, straight front wings
Song - rubbing one wing against another, or hind leg against the front wing
Long-horned: crickets & katydids
Long thin antennae and ovipositor
short-horned: grasshoppers & locusts
Short fat antennae, no ovipositor
Stick insects
Order - Phasmatodea
Habitat - mostly tropical forests
Ecology - herbivores, slow-moving, color change, young regrow limbs, ant mutualism
Mantids
Order - Mantodea
Habitat - worldwide
Ecology - predators, 360� vision, cryptic, sexual cannibalism
cockroaches
Order - Blattodea
Habitat - mostly tropical (myth)
Ecology - mostly scavengers (some wood - endosymbionts)
termites
Order - Isoptera (iso-ptera)
Habitat - mostly tropical
Ecology - wood eaters (endosymbionts), trails, social, 100,000/m2
Hemiptera
Beak-like sucking mouthparts with two tubes
Heteroptera - True Bugs
"different wings"
Homoptera - Aphids, Planthoppers, Cicadas, etc.
"same wings
stink bugs
Herbivores & predators, scent glands, pest
bed bugs
wingless ectoparasites of mammals & birds, "traumatic insemination," resurgence
plant bugs
Herbivores, (some predators, omnivores & detritivores)
squash bugs & leaf-footed bugs
Mostly herbivores, scent gland on thorax (defense), oversized tibiae
cicadas
Root feeders, mating & defense sound, overlapping and periodic emergence
aphids
Sap feeders, honeydew, ant mutuals, mostly wingless, parthenogenesis, cornicles
Thrips
Order - Thysanoptera
Habitat - flowers, bark, fungi
Ecology - fringed wings, mostly herbivores, tiny, conical mouth
Lice
Order - Phthiraptera
Habitat - parasites of mammals & birds
Ecology - need host to survive, likely evolved from bird commensals, "nitpicking
butterflies, moths, skippers
Lepidoptera - scale + wings
Adults: mouthparts = proboscis
Caterpillars: chewing mouthparts, 0-5 prolegs, silk glands
Herbivores (many pests of cultivated plants, stored grains and household goods)
caddisflies
Order - Trichoptera (hair wing)
Habitat - near water
Ecology - adults don't feed, weak flyers
caddisfly larvae
Free-living: mostly predators
Net-spinners: mostly "filter feeders"
Portable-case makers: mostly "scrappers" "grazers" and "shredders
Lacewings
Oder- Neuroptera (nerve winged)
Habitat - worldwide
Ecology - adults: predators; larvae: predators, sickle-like mouthparts, stalked eggs
Donsonflies & alderflies
Order - Megaloptera
Habitat - near water worldwide
Ecology - adults don't feed, male mandibles huge; larvae - aquatic predators
scorpion flies
Order - Mecoptera
Habitat - worldwide (some cold)
Ecology - mostly detritivores (spider thieves), some predators, nuptial gifts
fleas
Order - Siphonaptera
Habitat - vertebrate hosts
Ecology - adults: ectoparasitic, mostly on mammals, jump; larvae: detritivores (feces)
Beetles
Order - Coleoptera (shield wings)
front wings - elytra
inhabit all terrestrial and fresh water habitats
larvae and adults have strong mandibles
slender, active crawlers
grub-like, fleshy, c-shaped body
long, cylindrical with hard exoskeleton and tiny legs
ground beetles
predators, some omnivores, some chemical defenses
Rove beetles
Adults: predators, some omnivores, short elytra, larvae: predators
Scarab beetles
herbivores and detritivores, some males fight (horns); larvae: grubs
fireflies
Adults: predators, nocturnal, light organ (~100% efficient); larvae: predators
long-horned beetles
Adults: short-lived; larvae: round-headed borers, very long-lived
lady beetles
Mostly predators of soft bodied insects, reflexive bleeding
leaf beetles
adults feed on foliage; larvae feed on various plant material, some use fecal shield
true flies
Order Diptera (2 wings)
Various feeding habits:
biting flies, herbivores, detritivores, predators, parasites
Hind wings are reduced - halteres (gyroscopes)
3 groups:
Nematocera (filamentous antennae)
Lower Brachycera (stylate antennae)
Higher Brachycera (
crane flies
Adults: rarely feed; larvae: mostly detritivores, live in soil/mud or aquatic
mosquitos
Adults: mostly ?biting flies; larvae: mostly filter feeders, aquatic (ephemeral)
black flies
Adults: ?biting flies (seasonal); larvae: filter feeders (fans)
bee flies
Adults: nectar feeders, many mimics; larvae: parasites of insects
house flies
Adults feed on microbes on decaying organic material; larvae detritivores and predators
wasps, bees, ants, etc
Order: Hymenoptera
Membranous hindwing and forewing
The only insects that can sting (Aculeata)
? develop from fertilized eggs ? from unfertilized eggs
Many levels of Sociality:
Asocial - solitary
Pseudosocial - small groups: a mother and her daughters
Eus
Gall wasps
Gall forming, many on Oaks and Roses, "Kinsey
thread-waisted & digger wasps
Sting prey and provision nests, solitary (some nest aggregations), (sand digger wasp)
common bees
Collect pollen/nectar to provision nest; a-, pseudo- and eusocial (workers, queen, drones), honey bee biology
sweat bees
Collect pollen and store in nests (underground or dead wood), mostly solitary
hornets, Yellowjackets & paper wasps
Predators, masticate for larvae, a-, pseudo- and eu-social, paper/clay nests, or in cavities
Ants
Forage for vegetation, seeds, or other insects and provision nests, entirely social
setae (hairs)
sense of touch
bristles
overwinter insulation, protection
urtication (stinging) spines
defense
scales
coloration, protection
gills
underwater breathing
parts of insect head
antennae - sensory
eyes - sensory
mouth - ingestion
mouthparts
chewing-
basic mouthparts configuration
mouthparts
piercing sucking - modified
...
mouthparts
sucking - modified
...
mouthparts
siphoning (butterfly) - modified
...
mouthparts
sponging - modified
...
mouthparts
cutting - modified
...
mouthparts
vestigial - none
...
compound eye
ommatidia -
the functional sub-units of compound eye
compound eye
-light travels down the ommatidia
-Omatidia density affects visual acuity
...
Antennae
ChemicalSensing - Smell
- Taste
- moisture
� Touch
- Movement
- Each other
� SensingVibration
types of antennae
filiform
serrate
clubbed
plumose
aristate
types of legs
-saltatorial (jumping legs)
-fossorial (digging) legs
-Raptorial legs
-swimming legs
-modified feet to skate in surface tension
types of wings
-membranous wings
-elytra
-hemelytra
-scale-covered wings
-wingless
The recipe for evolution
change passed on through generations" variation, selection, inheritability
variation
provides the raw materials (traits)
selection
does the choosing
Inheritability
passes traits onto the next generation
2 types of evolution
1. adaptive evolution
2. non-adaptive evolution
adaptive evolution
when the presence or absence of a trait INCREASES the fitness of an individual or population
non-adaptive evolution
when the presence or absence of a trait does not increase the fitness of an individual or population
natural selection is not evolution!!!!!
...
evolution is what
variation + selection + inheritability
Types of selection
Adaptive evolution (Natural selection / sexual selection)
Non-adaptive evolution (Artificial selection / Random selection)
Natural selection
ENVIRONMENT determines the distribution and abundance of a trait
Sexual selection
MATE CHOICE determines the distribution and abundance of trait
Artificial Selection
HUMANS determine the distribution and abundance of traits
random selection
RANDOM EVENTS (ex, disasters) determine the distribution and abundance of traits
NOT every physical trait is an adaptation
...
horseshoe crabs
-order: xiphosurida
-habitat: shallow marine
-ecology: worm and mollusk predator, food for migrating birds, biomedical research
Arachnids
Jawless arthropods including:
-spiders
-harvestmen
-mites
-scorpions
-psuedoscorpions
-whipscorpions
-sun scorpions
-wind scorpions, camel spiders, etc.
spiders
-order: araneae
-habitat: practically everywhere
-ecology: predatory, venomous, spins webs, 0-8 pairs of eyes, on drugs, myth
scorpions
-order: scorpionida
-habitat: not only dry climates
-ecology: predatory, venomous, live birth, courtship dance, glow
Phylum arthropoda
-jointed appendages
-segmented body
-external skeleton
myriapoda
-terrestrial jawed non-insect arthropods including: millipedes, centipedes, garden centipedes
-2 body region: head, trunk
-numerous pairs of walking legs
Millipedes
-class: Diplopoda
-Habitat: damp forest
-ecology: mostly detrotovpres, 30+ pairs of legs (2/seg), release toxic fluids
Centipedes
-class: Chilopoda
-Habitat: on or below ground
-ecology: predatory, venomous, 15+ pairs of legs (1/seg)
Crustaceans
-class: Malacostraca
-Habitat: mostly marine
-Ecology: feed on living and dead organisms
Hexapoda
Terrestrial jawed 6-legged arthropods
-Primitively wingless hexapods: coneheads, springtails, two-pronged bristletails
-Insects: jumping bristletails, silverfish and firebrats, etc
Springtails
-subclass: collembola
-habitat: soil/leaf litter
-ecology: detritivores/microbivores, courtship dance, snow fleas
metamorphosis
physical, biochemical, and/or behavioral changes
-Incomplete
old winged" insects
-division palaeoptera: mayflies, dragonflies, and damselflies
-2 pairs of permanently outstretched wings
-aquatic immatures - naiads
mayflies
-order: Ephemeroptera
-habitat: clean streams and ponds
-Ecology - naiads mostly herbivorous, terrestrial adults don't feed, 3 tails
Dragonflies & damselflies
Order - Odanata
Habitat - streams and ponds
Ecology - predator (naiad/adult), loop & scoop, territorial
new winged" insects
Division Neoptera (folded* wings):
Grasshopper-like
True Bugs, Lice, etc.
Beetles, Butterflies/Moths, Flies, Wasps/Bees etc.
Stoneflies
Order - Plecoptera (pleco-ptera)
Habitat - clean moving water (O2)
Ecology - detritivores & predators, drumming
Earwigs
Order - Dermaptera (derma-ptera)
Habitat - mostly tropical
Ecology - omnivorous, nocturnal, pincers (grooming, defense, courtship & wings)
Grasshoppers & crickets
Order - Orthoptera (ortho-ptera)
Large hind legs, straight front wings
Song - rubbing one wing against another, or hind leg against the front wing
Long-horned: crickets & katydids
Long thin antennae and ovipositor
short-horned: grasshoppers & locusts
Short fat antennae, no ovipositor
Stick insects
Order - Phasmatodea
Habitat - mostly tropical forests
Ecology - herbivores, slow-moving, color change, young regrow limbs, ant mutualism
Mantids
Order - Mantodea
Habitat - worldwide
Ecology - predators, 360� vision, cryptic, sexual cannibalism
cockroaches
Order - Blattodea
Habitat - mostly tropical (myth)
Ecology - mostly scavengers (some wood - endosymbionts)
termites
Order - Isoptera (iso-ptera)
Habitat - mostly tropical
Ecology - wood eaters (endosymbionts), trails, social, 100,000/m2
Hemiptera
Beak-like sucking mouthparts with two tubes
Heteroptera - True Bugs
"different wings"
Homoptera - Aphids, Planthoppers, Cicadas, etc.
"same wings
stink bugs
Herbivores & predators, scent glands, pest
bed bugs
wingless ectoparasites of mammals & birds, "traumatic insemination," resurgence
plant bugs
Herbivores, (some predators, omnivores & detritivores)
squash bugs & leaf-footed bugs
Mostly herbivores, scent gland on thorax (defense), oversized tibiae
cicadas
Root feeders, mating & defense sound, overlapping and periodic emergence
aphids
Sap feeders, honeydew, ant mutuals, mostly wingless, parthenogenesis, cornicles
Thrips
Order - Thysanoptera
Habitat - flowers, bark, fungi
Ecology - fringed wings, mostly herbivores, tiny, conical mouth
Lice
Order - Phthiraptera
Habitat - parasites of mammals & birds
Ecology - need host to survive, likely evolved from bird commensals, "nitpicking
butterflies, moths, skippers
Lepidoptera - scale + wings
Adults: mouthparts = proboscis
Caterpillars: chewing mouthparts, 0-5 prolegs, silk glands
Herbivores (many pests of cultivated plants, stored grains and household goods)
caddisflies
Order - Trichoptera (hair wing)
Habitat - near water
Ecology - adults don't feed, weak flyers
caddisfly larvae
Free-living: mostly predators
Net-spinners: mostly "filter feeders"
Portable-case makers: mostly "scrappers" "grazers" and "shredders
Lacewings
Oder- Neuroptera (nerve winged)
Habitat - worldwide
Ecology - adults: predators; larvae: predators, sickle-like mouthparts, stalked eggs
Donsonflies & alderflies
Order - Megaloptera
Habitat - near water worldwide
Ecology - adults don't feed, male mandibles huge; larvae - aquatic predators
scorpion flies
Order - Mecoptera
Habitat - worldwide (some cold)
Ecology - mostly detritivores (spider thieves), some predators, nuptial gifts
fleas
Order - Siphonaptera
Habitat - vertebrate hosts
Ecology - adults: ectoparasitic, mostly on mammals, jump; larvae: detritivores (feces)
Beetles
Order - Coleoptera (shield wings)
front wings - elytra
inhabit all terrestrial and fresh water habitats
larvae and adults have strong mandibles
slender, active crawlers
grub-like, fleshy, c-shaped body
long, cylindrical with hard exoskeleton and tiny legs
ground beetles
predators, some omnivores, some chemical defenses
Rove beetles
Adults: predators, some omnivores, short elytra, larvae: predators
Scarab beetles
herbivores and detritivores, some males fight (horns); larvae: grubs
fireflies
Adults: predators, nocturnal, light organ (~100% efficient); larvae: predators
long-horned beetles
Adults: short-lived; larvae: round-headed borers, very long-lived
lady beetles
Mostly predators of soft bodied insects, reflexive bleeding
leaf beetles
adults feed on foliage; larvae feed on various plant material, some use fecal shield
true flies
Order Diptera (2 wings)
Various feeding habits:
biting flies, herbivores, detritivores, predators, parasites
Hind wings are reduced - halteres (gyroscopes)
3 groups:
Nematocera (filamentous antennae)
Lower Brachycera (stylate antennae)
Higher Brachycera (
crane flies
Adults: rarely feed; larvae: mostly detritivores, live in soil/mud or aquatic
mosquitos
Adults: mostly ?biting flies; larvae: mostly filter feeders, aquatic (ephemeral)
black flies
Adults: ?biting flies (seasonal); larvae: filter feeders (fans)
bee flies
Adults: nectar feeders, many mimics; larvae: parasites of insects
house flies
Adults feed on microbes on decaying organic material; larvae detritivores and predators
wasps, bees, ants, etc
Order: Hymenoptera
Membranous hindwing and forewing
The only insects that can sting (Aculeata)
? develop from fertilized eggs ? from unfertilized eggs
Many levels of Sociality:
Asocial - solitary
Pseudosocial - small groups: a mother and her daughters
Eus
Gall wasps
Gall forming, many on Oaks and Roses, "Kinsey
thread-waisted & digger wasps
Sting prey and provision nests, solitary (some nest aggregations), (sand digger wasp)
common bees
Collect pollen/nectar to provision nest; a-, pseudo- and eusocial (workers, queen, drones), honey bee biology
sweat bees
Collect pollen and store in nests (underground or dead wood), mostly solitary
hornets, Yellowjackets & paper wasps
Predators, masticate for larvae, a-, pseudo- and eu-social, paper/clay nests, or in cavities
Ants
Forage for vegetation, seeds, or other insects and provision nests, entirely social
setae (hairs)
sense of touch
bristles
overwinter insulation, protection
urtication (stinging) spines
defense
scales
coloration, protection
gills
underwater breathing
parts of insect head
antennae - sensory
eyes - sensory
mouth - ingestion
mouthparts
chewing-
basic mouthparts configuration
mouthparts
piercing sucking - modified
...
mouthparts
sucking - modified
...
mouthparts
siphoning (butterfly) - modified
...
mouthparts
sponging - modified
...
mouthparts
cutting - modified
...
mouthparts
vestigial - none
...
compound eye
ommatidia -
the functional sub-units of compound eye
compound eye
-light travels down the ommatidia
-Omatidia density affects visual acuity
...
Antennae
ChemicalSensing - Smell
- Taste
- moisture
� Touch
- Movement
- Each other
� SensingVibration
types of antennae
filiform
serrate
clubbed
plumose
aristate
types of legs
-saltatorial (jumping legs)
-fossorial (digging) legs
-Raptorial legs
-swimming legs
-modified feet to skate in surface tension
types of wings
-membranous wings
-elytra
-hemelytra
-scale-covered wings
-wingless