Bugs life exam 1

The recipe for evolution

change passed on through generations" variation, selection, inheritability

variation

provides the raw materials (traits)

selection

does the choosing

Inheritability

passes traits onto the next generation

2 types of evolution

1. adaptive evolution
2. non-adaptive evolution

adaptive evolution

when the presence or absence of a trait INCREASES the fitness of an individual or population

non-adaptive evolution

when the presence or absence of a trait does not increase the fitness of an individual or population

natural selection is not evolution!!!!!

...

evolution is what

variation + selection + inheritability

Types of selection

Adaptive evolution (Natural selection / sexual selection)
Non-adaptive evolution (Artificial selection / Random selection)

Natural selection

ENVIRONMENT determines the distribution and abundance of a trait

Sexual selection

MATE CHOICE determines the distribution and abundance of trait

Artificial Selection

HUMANS determine the distribution and abundance of traits

random selection

RANDOM EVENTS (ex, disasters) determine the distribution and abundance of traits

NOT every physical trait is an adaptation

...

horseshoe crabs

-order: xiphosurida
-habitat: shallow marine
-ecology: worm and mollusk predator, food for migrating birds, biomedical research

Arachnids

Jawless arthropods including:
-spiders
-harvestmen
-mites
-scorpions
-psuedoscorpions
-whipscorpions
-sun scorpions
-wind scorpions, camel spiders, etc.

spiders

-order: araneae
-habitat: practically everywhere
-ecology: predatory, venomous, spins webs, 0-8 pairs of eyes, on drugs, myth

scorpions

-order: scorpionida
-habitat: not only dry climates
-ecology: predatory, venomous, live birth, courtship dance, glow

Phylum arthropoda

-jointed appendages
-segmented body
-external skeleton

myriapoda

-terrestrial jawed non-insect arthropods including: millipedes, centipedes, garden centipedes
-2 body region: head, trunk
-numerous pairs of walking legs

Millipedes

-class: Diplopoda
-Habitat: damp forest
-ecology: mostly detrotovpres, 30+ pairs of legs (2/seg), release toxic fluids

Centipedes

-class: Chilopoda
-Habitat: on or below ground
-ecology: predatory, venomous, 15+ pairs of legs (1/seg)

Crustaceans

-class: Malacostraca
-Habitat: mostly marine
-Ecology: feed on living and dead organisms

Hexapoda

Terrestrial jawed 6-legged arthropods
-Primitively wingless hexapods: coneheads, springtails, two-pronged bristletails
-Insects: jumping bristletails, silverfish and firebrats, etc

Springtails

-subclass: collembola
-habitat: soil/leaf litter
-ecology: detritivores/microbivores, courtship dance, snow fleas

metamorphosis

physical, biochemical, and/or behavioral changes
-Incomplete

old winged" insects

-division palaeoptera: mayflies, dragonflies, and damselflies
-2 pairs of permanently outstretched wings
-aquatic immatures - naiads

mayflies

-order: Ephemeroptera
-habitat: clean streams and ponds
-Ecology - naiads mostly herbivorous, terrestrial adults don't feed, 3 tails

Dragonflies & damselflies

Order - Odanata
Habitat - streams and ponds
Ecology - predator (naiad/adult), loop & scoop, territorial

new winged" insects

Division Neoptera (folded* wings):
Grasshopper-like
True Bugs, Lice, etc.
Beetles, Butterflies/Moths, Flies, Wasps/Bees etc.

Stoneflies

Order - Plecoptera (pleco-ptera)
Habitat - clean moving water (O2)
Ecology - detritivores & predators, drumming

Earwigs

Order - Dermaptera (derma-ptera)
Habitat - mostly tropical
Ecology - omnivorous, nocturnal, pincers (grooming, defense, courtship & wings)

Grasshoppers & crickets

Order - Orthoptera (ortho-ptera)
Large hind legs, straight front wings
Song - rubbing one wing against another, or hind leg against the front wing

Long-horned: crickets & katydids

Long thin antennae and ovipositor

short-horned: grasshoppers & locusts

Short fat antennae, no ovipositor

Stick insects

Order - Phasmatodea
Habitat - mostly tropical forests
Ecology - herbivores, slow-moving, color change, young regrow limbs, ant mutualism

Mantids

Order - Mantodea
Habitat - worldwide
Ecology - predators, 360� vision, cryptic, sexual cannibalism

cockroaches

Order - Blattodea
Habitat - mostly tropical (myth)
Ecology - mostly scavengers (some wood - endosymbionts)

termites

Order - Isoptera (iso-ptera)
Habitat - mostly tropical
Ecology - wood eaters (endosymbionts), trails, social, 100,000/m2

Hemiptera

Beak-like sucking mouthparts with two tubes
Heteroptera - True Bugs
"different wings"
Homoptera - Aphids, Planthoppers, Cicadas, etc.
"same wings

stink bugs

Herbivores & predators, scent glands, pest

bed bugs

wingless ectoparasites of mammals & birds, "traumatic insemination," resurgence

plant bugs

Herbivores, (some predators, omnivores & detritivores)

squash bugs & leaf-footed bugs

Mostly herbivores, scent gland on thorax (defense), oversized tibiae

cicadas

Root feeders, mating & defense sound, overlapping and periodic emergence

aphids

Sap feeders, honeydew, ant mutuals, mostly wingless, parthenogenesis, cornicles

Thrips

Order - Thysanoptera
Habitat - flowers, bark, fungi
Ecology - fringed wings, mostly herbivores, tiny, conical mouth

Lice

Order - Phthiraptera
Habitat - parasites of mammals & birds
Ecology - need host to survive, likely evolved from bird commensals, "nitpicking

butterflies, moths, skippers

Lepidoptera - scale + wings
Adults: mouthparts = proboscis
Caterpillars: chewing mouthparts, 0-5 prolegs, silk glands
Herbivores (many pests of cultivated plants, stored grains and household goods)

caddisflies

Order - Trichoptera (hair wing)
Habitat - near water
Ecology - adults don't feed, weak flyers

caddisfly larvae

Free-living: mostly predators
Net-spinners: mostly "filter feeders"
Portable-case makers: mostly "scrappers" "grazers" and "shredders

Lacewings

Oder- Neuroptera (nerve winged)
Habitat - worldwide
Ecology - adults: predators; larvae: predators, sickle-like mouthparts, stalked eggs

Donsonflies & alderflies

Order - Megaloptera
Habitat - near water worldwide
Ecology - adults don't feed, male mandibles huge; larvae - aquatic predators

scorpion flies

Order - Mecoptera
Habitat - worldwide (some cold)
Ecology - mostly detritivores (spider thieves), some predators, nuptial gifts

fleas

Order - Siphonaptera
Habitat - vertebrate hosts
Ecology - adults: ectoparasitic, mostly on mammals, jump; larvae: detritivores (feces)

Beetles

Order - Coleoptera (shield wings)
front wings - elytra
inhabit all terrestrial and fresh water habitats
larvae and adults have strong mandibles
slender, active crawlers
grub-like, fleshy, c-shaped body
long, cylindrical with hard exoskeleton and tiny legs

ground beetles

predators, some omnivores, some chemical defenses

Rove beetles

Adults: predators, some omnivores, short elytra, larvae: predators

Scarab beetles

herbivores and detritivores, some males fight (horns); larvae: grubs

fireflies

Adults: predators, nocturnal, light organ (~100% efficient); larvae: predators

long-horned beetles

Adults: short-lived; larvae: round-headed borers, very long-lived

lady beetles

Mostly predators of soft bodied insects, reflexive bleeding

leaf beetles

adults feed on foliage; larvae feed on various plant material, some use fecal shield

true flies

Order Diptera (2 wings)
Various feeding habits:
biting flies, herbivores, detritivores, predators, parasites
Hind wings are reduced - halteres (gyroscopes)
3 groups:
Nematocera (filamentous antennae)
Lower Brachycera (stylate antennae)
Higher Brachycera (

crane flies

Adults: rarely feed; larvae: mostly detritivores, live in soil/mud or aquatic

mosquitos

Adults: mostly ?biting flies; larvae: mostly filter feeders, aquatic (ephemeral)

black flies

Adults: ?biting flies (seasonal); larvae: filter feeders (fans)

bee flies

Adults: nectar feeders, many mimics; larvae: parasites of insects

house flies

Adults feed on microbes on decaying organic material; larvae detritivores and predators

wasps, bees, ants, etc

Order: Hymenoptera
Membranous hindwing and forewing
The only insects that can sting (Aculeata)
? develop from fertilized eggs ? from unfertilized eggs
Many levels of Sociality:
Asocial - solitary
Pseudosocial - small groups: a mother and her daughters
Eus

Gall wasps

Gall forming, many on Oaks and Roses, "Kinsey

thread-waisted & digger wasps

Sting prey and provision nests, solitary (some nest aggregations), (sand digger wasp)

common bees

Collect pollen/nectar to provision nest; a-, pseudo- and eusocial (workers, queen, drones), honey bee biology

sweat bees

Collect pollen and store in nests (underground or dead wood), mostly solitary

hornets, Yellowjackets & paper wasps

Predators, masticate for larvae, a-, pseudo- and eu-social, paper/clay nests, or in cavities

Ants

Forage for vegetation, seeds, or other insects and provision nests, entirely social

setae (hairs)

sense of touch

bristles

overwinter insulation, protection

urtication (stinging) spines

defense

scales

coloration, protection

gills

underwater breathing

parts of insect head

antennae - sensory
eyes - sensory
mouth - ingestion

mouthparts
chewing-

basic mouthparts configuration

mouthparts
piercing sucking - modified

...

mouthparts
sucking - modified

...

mouthparts
siphoning (butterfly) - modified

...

mouthparts
sponging - modified

...

mouthparts
cutting - modified

...

mouthparts
vestigial - none

...

compound eye
ommatidia -

the functional sub-units of compound eye

compound eye
-light travels down the ommatidia
-Omatidia density affects visual acuity

...

Antennae

ChemicalSensing - Smell
- Taste
- moisture
� Touch
- Movement
- Each other
� SensingVibration

types of antennae

filiform
serrate
clubbed
plumose
aristate

types of legs

-saltatorial (jumping legs)
-fossorial (digging) legs
-Raptorial legs
-swimming legs
-modified feet to skate in surface tension

types of wings

-membranous wings
-elytra
-hemelytra
-scale-covered wings
-wingless

The recipe for evolution

change passed on through generations" variation, selection, inheritability

variation

provides the raw materials (traits)

selection

does the choosing

Inheritability

passes traits onto the next generation

2 types of evolution

1. adaptive evolution
2. non-adaptive evolution

adaptive evolution

when the presence or absence of a trait INCREASES the fitness of an individual or population

non-adaptive evolution

when the presence or absence of a trait does not increase the fitness of an individual or population

natural selection is not evolution!!!!!

...

evolution is what

variation + selection + inheritability

Types of selection

Adaptive evolution (Natural selection / sexual selection)
Non-adaptive evolution (Artificial selection / Random selection)

Natural selection

ENVIRONMENT determines the distribution and abundance of a trait

Sexual selection

MATE CHOICE determines the distribution and abundance of trait

Artificial Selection

HUMANS determine the distribution and abundance of traits

random selection

RANDOM EVENTS (ex, disasters) determine the distribution and abundance of traits

NOT every physical trait is an adaptation

...

horseshoe crabs

-order: xiphosurida
-habitat: shallow marine
-ecology: worm and mollusk predator, food for migrating birds, biomedical research

Arachnids

Jawless arthropods including:
-spiders
-harvestmen
-mites
-scorpions
-psuedoscorpions
-whipscorpions
-sun scorpions
-wind scorpions, camel spiders, etc.

spiders

-order: araneae
-habitat: practically everywhere
-ecology: predatory, venomous, spins webs, 0-8 pairs of eyes, on drugs, myth

scorpions

-order: scorpionida
-habitat: not only dry climates
-ecology: predatory, venomous, live birth, courtship dance, glow

Phylum arthropoda

-jointed appendages
-segmented body
-external skeleton

myriapoda

-terrestrial jawed non-insect arthropods including: millipedes, centipedes, garden centipedes
-2 body region: head, trunk
-numerous pairs of walking legs

Millipedes

-class: Diplopoda
-Habitat: damp forest
-ecology: mostly detrotovpres, 30+ pairs of legs (2/seg), release toxic fluids

Centipedes

-class: Chilopoda
-Habitat: on or below ground
-ecology: predatory, venomous, 15+ pairs of legs (1/seg)

Crustaceans

-class: Malacostraca
-Habitat: mostly marine
-Ecology: feed on living and dead organisms

Hexapoda

Terrestrial jawed 6-legged arthropods
-Primitively wingless hexapods: coneheads, springtails, two-pronged bristletails
-Insects: jumping bristletails, silverfish and firebrats, etc

Springtails

-subclass: collembola
-habitat: soil/leaf litter
-ecology: detritivores/microbivores, courtship dance, snow fleas

metamorphosis

physical, biochemical, and/or behavioral changes
-Incomplete

old winged" insects

-division palaeoptera: mayflies, dragonflies, and damselflies
-2 pairs of permanently outstretched wings
-aquatic immatures - naiads

mayflies

-order: Ephemeroptera
-habitat: clean streams and ponds
-Ecology - naiads mostly herbivorous, terrestrial adults don't feed, 3 tails

Dragonflies & damselflies

Order - Odanata
Habitat - streams and ponds
Ecology - predator (naiad/adult), loop & scoop, territorial

new winged" insects

Division Neoptera (folded* wings):
Grasshopper-like
True Bugs, Lice, etc.
Beetles, Butterflies/Moths, Flies, Wasps/Bees etc.

Stoneflies

Order - Plecoptera (pleco-ptera)
Habitat - clean moving water (O2)
Ecology - detritivores & predators, drumming

Earwigs

Order - Dermaptera (derma-ptera)
Habitat - mostly tropical
Ecology - omnivorous, nocturnal, pincers (grooming, defense, courtship & wings)

Grasshoppers & crickets

Order - Orthoptera (ortho-ptera)
Large hind legs, straight front wings
Song - rubbing one wing against another, or hind leg against the front wing

Long-horned: crickets & katydids

Long thin antennae and ovipositor

short-horned: grasshoppers & locusts

Short fat antennae, no ovipositor

Stick insects

Order - Phasmatodea
Habitat - mostly tropical forests
Ecology - herbivores, slow-moving, color change, young regrow limbs, ant mutualism

Mantids

Order - Mantodea
Habitat - worldwide
Ecology - predators, 360� vision, cryptic, sexual cannibalism

cockroaches

Order - Blattodea
Habitat - mostly tropical (myth)
Ecology - mostly scavengers (some wood - endosymbionts)

termites

Order - Isoptera (iso-ptera)
Habitat - mostly tropical
Ecology - wood eaters (endosymbionts), trails, social, 100,000/m2

Hemiptera

Beak-like sucking mouthparts with two tubes
Heteroptera - True Bugs
"different wings"
Homoptera - Aphids, Planthoppers, Cicadas, etc.
"same wings

stink bugs

Herbivores & predators, scent glands, pest

bed bugs

wingless ectoparasites of mammals & birds, "traumatic insemination," resurgence

plant bugs

Herbivores, (some predators, omnivores & detritivores)

squash bugs & leaf-footed bugs

Mostly herbivores, scent gland on thorax (defense), oversized tibiae

cicadas

Root feeders, mating & defense sound, overlapping and periodic emergence

aphids

Sap feeders, honeydew, ant mutuals, mostly wingless, parthenogenesis, cornicles

Thrips

Order - Thysanoptera
Habitat - flowers, bark, fungi
Ecology - fringed wings, mostly herbivores, tiny, conical mouth

Lice

Order - Phthiraptera
Habitat - parasites of mammals & birds
Ecology - need host to survive, likely evolved from bird commensals, "nitpicking

butterflies, moths, skippers

Lepidoptera - scale + wings
Adults: mouthparts = proboscis
Caterpillars: chewing mouthparts, 0-5 prolegs, silk glands
Herbivores (many pests of cultivated plants, stored grains and household goods)

caddisflies

Order - Trichoptera (hair wing)
Habitat - near water
Ecology - adults don't feed, weak flyers

caddisfly larvae

Free-living: mostly predators
Net-spinners: mostly "filter feeders"
Portable-case makers: mostly "scrappers" "grazers" and "shredders

Lacewings

Oder- Neuroptera (nerve winged)
Habitat - worldwide
Ecology - adults: predators; larvae: predators, sickle-like mouthparts, stalked eggs

Donsonflies & alderflies

Order - Megaloptera
Habitat - near water worldwide
Ecology - adults don't feed, male mandibles huge; larvae - aquatic predators

scorpion flies

Order - Mecoptera
Habitat - worldwide (some cold)
Ecology - mostly detritivores (spider thieves), some predators, nuptial gifts

fleas

Order - Siphonaptera
Habitat - vertebrate hosts
Ecology - adults: ectoparasitic, mostly on mammals, jump; larvae: detritivores (feces)

Beetles

Order - Coleoptera (shield wings)
front wings - elytra
inhabit all terrestrial and fresh water habitats
larvae and adults have strong mandibles
slender, active crawlers
grub-like, fleshy, c-shaped body
long, cylindrical with hard exoskeleton and tiny legs

ground beetles

predators, some omnivores, some chemical defenses

Rove beetles

Adults: predators, some omnivores, short elytra, larvae: predators

Scarab beetles

herbivores and detritivores, some males fight (horns); larvae: grubs

fireflies

Adults: predators, nocturnal, light organ (~100% efficient); larvae: predators

long-horned beetles

Adults: short-lived; larvae: round-headed borers, very long-lived

lady beetles

Mostly predators of soft bodied insects, reflexive bleeding

leaf beetles

adults feed on foliage; larvae feed on various plant material, some use fecal shield

true flies

Order Diptera (2 wings)
Various feeding habits:
biting flies, herbivores, detritivores, predators, parasites
Hind wings are reduced - halteres (gyroscopes)
3 groups:
Nematocera (filamentous antennae)
Lower Brachycera (stylate antennae)
Higher Brachycera (

crane flies

Adults: rarely feed; larvae: mostly detritivores, live in soil/mud or aquatic

mosquitos

Adults: mostly ?biting flies; larvae: mostly filter feeders, aquatic (ephemeral)

black flies

Adults: ?biting flies (seasonal); larvae: filter feeders (fans)

bee flies

Adults: nectar feeders, many mimics; larvae: parasites of insects

house flies

Adults feed on microbes on decaying organic material; larvae detritivores and predators

wasps, bees, ants, etc

Order: Hymenoptera
Membranous hindwing and forewing
The only insects that can sting (Aculeata)
? develop from fertilized eggs ? from unfertilized eggs
Many levels of Sociality:
Asocial - solitary
Pseudosocial - small groups: a mother and her daughters
Eus

Gall wasps

Gall forming, many on Oaks and Roses, "Kinsey

thread-waisted & digger wasps

Sting prey and provision nests, solitary (some nest aggregations), (sand digger wasp)

common bees

Collect pollen/nectar to provision nest; a-, pseudo- and eusocial (workers, queen, drones), honey bee biology

sweat bees

Collect pollen and store in nests (underground or dead wood), mostly solitary

hornets, Yellowjackets & paper wasps

Predators, masticate for larvae, a-, pseudo- and eu-social, paper/clay nests, or in cavities

Ants

Forage for vegetation, seeds, or other insects and provision nests, entirely social

setae (hairs)

sense of touch

bristles

overwinter insulation, protection

urtication (stinging) spines

defense

scales

coloration, protection

gills

underwater breathing

parts of insect head

antennae - sensory
eyes - sensory
mouth - ingestion

mouthparts
chewing-

basic mouthparts configuration

mouthparts
piercing sucking - modified

...

mouthparts
sucking - modified

...

mouthparts
siphoning (butterfly) - modified

...

mouthparts
sponging - modified

...

mouthparts
cutting - modified

...

mouthparts
vestigial - none

...

compound eye
ommatidia -

the functional sub-units of compound eye

compound eye
-light travels down the ommatidia
-Omatidia density affects visual acuity

...

Antennae

ChemicalSensing - Smell
- Taste
- moisture
� Touch
- Movement
- Each other
� SensingVibration

types of antennae

filiform
serrate
clubbed
plumose
aristate

types of legs

-saltatorial (jumping legs)
-fossorial (digging) legs
-Raptorial legs
-swimming legs
-modified feet to skate in surface tension

types of wings

-membranous wings
-elytra
-hemelytra
-scale-covered wings
-wingless