empirical science
testable, can be done in a lab
historical science
cannot redo this, it is in the past
***teleology
everything is designed
***teleonomy
everything appears to be designed... chance
***Thales
scientific method, naturalistic explanation
***Anaximander
started simple and then got more complex.. life came from the sea
***Lucretius
natural selection- nature played a roll in choosing which creatures would survive and reproduce
***Aristotle
chain (scala natura), organized simple to complex
***Plato
everything trying to reach perfection (theory of forms)
***John Ray
species involved male and female (by God) that would reproduce
***Carl Linnaeus
taxonomy, kinds of organisms are immutable
***Cuvier
irreducible complexity
***Darwin's observations
1) members of a population vary greatly
2) inherit from parents
3) capable of producing more offspring than the environment can support
4) survival of the fittest
Bc of Darwin's observations.. people conclude that everything evolved from macroevolution
mutation + natural selection + time = macroevolution
mutations are
not beneficial and lose info
Starting with a trilobite and ending with a trilobite is
microevolution
natural selection is preservative because
it does not make new
all things have same type of
homologous structures
some people think that since we might have all come from common ancestors because of these homologous structures..
some say that all have to have some sort of locomotion.. law of physics and their need for locomotion determines these shapes and structures
antibiotic resistance is a mutation because
the person cannot compete so they have an overall decrease in function
DNA Homology
sequence of hemoglobin
We may be similar to monkey but there are too many
different DNA Sequences
If you try to track back all things with similar past DNA.. instead of getting the "tree of life" you get the
bush of life
Fossil record
transitional animals (if a frog became a fish then we should see fossils.. but you cant find them
if we do see an animal change to another we see these 3 things:
1) sudden appearances
2) stasis (doesn't change)
3) extinction (dissapear)
***Hardy Weinberg- populations of animals will stay the same unless...
1) no mutation 2) no gene flow 3) no natural selection 4) random ating 5) large population
Founder's Effect
small population leave and going else where
Darwin's finches is a good example for
the founder's effect
you need a large population to
reproduce
when a population gets small, you lose the
diversity and reproducing becomes harder than when the population was larger
genetic drift
you can use alleles
Types of Natural Selection
disruption - 2 extremes
directional - one side
balanced - equal to both
speciation
cannot mate a chihuahua and a pitbull
***species
group of population whose members who have potential to reproduce viable offspring in nature (works with animals)
reproductive isolation is necessary for
speciation
prezygotic barrier
prevents fertilized egg from occurring (mechanical or geographical.. sqirrels in the grand canyon that cannot get to the other side)
***allopatric speciation
dependent on geographical isolation (salamander migrated south or the fish in different waters)
How can we tell if allopatric speciation has occurred?
cannot reproduce and if they do the offspring isn't healthy and do not live long, the further apart they are the more different they look, lots of species on barries
***sympatric speciation
live in same place and over a period of time they diverge (ex. sexual selection, sicklids in Lake Victoria, pupfish)
What happens if these speciation events occur and these animals come back together in these hybrid zones?
we reinforce these boundaries..
fusions between the animals
we weaken both and could possibly get them back together (magazine, siclids in LakeVictoria)
If there is a fusion we need stability-
we can continue to make hybrids but can keep the 2 species separate, too
Punctuated Equillibrium
describe periods of apparent stasis punctuated by sudden change.. derived from the lack of fossil evidence from fossil record for macroevolution
***Why didn't Noah take every species of animal onto the ark if God brought 2 of every kind of animal to him?
he brought 2 of every kind, not species.. did not take the things that could survive in water
***The paper proposes that all the species of animals alive today descended from the animals on the ark. Why isnt this macroevolution?
reproductive isolation events would occur.. not Hardy Weinberg because each of the kinds were not big enough populations for that to happen
***Discuss at least 2 mechanisms that enabled different species to descend from a kind of animal that was on the Ark.
behavioral isolation, geographical isolation
***Why was it important that God brought the animals to Noah instead of Noah picking 2 of every kind himself??
only he would know which ones were the most suitable to survive and then be able to reproduce