What is Order of magnitude?
A classification giving the relative size of a number by multiplying it by a factor of 10 (z � 10�)
What is a vector?
Something that gives the magnitude and direction of a quantity.
What are some examples of vectors?
Displacement, Velocity, Acceleration, Force, Impulse, Momentum, & Torque.
What is a scalar?
Something that gives only the magnitude of a quantity.
What are some examples of scalars?
Distance travelled, Speed, Mass, Rotational Inertia, Time, Coefficient of friction, All types of energy, & Power.
What do + & - indicate in vectors?
Direction.
What does position tell us?
Where an object is.
What does displacement tell us?
How far the object ends up away from its starting point (regardless of motion between).
What does speed tell us?
How fast an object is moving.
What does velocity tell us?
How fast an object is moving and in what direction.
What does acceleration tell us?
How much an object's velocity changes each second.
What happens to the acceleration of an object when it speeds up?
The acceleration is in the same direction of its motion.
What happens to the acceleration of an object when it slows down?
The acceleration is in the opposite direction of its motion.
Do horizontal and vertical motion effect each other?
No, Horizontal and Vertical Motion do not effect each other.
Only ____ is the same for both vertical and horizontal motion.
Time is the same for both vertical and horizontal motion.
What are the vertical and horizontal accelerations of an object in free fall near the surface of the earth? What is this called?
g = 10 m/s�
H.A.= 0 m/s�
Projectile Motion
When an object is launched from an angle, what are the components of its velocity? THIS IS DIFFERENT FROM AN OBJECT ON AN INCLINE.
Vertical Component: v � sin(?)
Horizontal Component: v � cos(?)
(This assumes that ? is measured from the horizontal)
What does the slope represent in a position vs. time graph?
Velocity.
What does the slope represent in a velocity vs. time graph?
Acceleration.
What does the area under curve represent in a velocity vs. time graph?
Displacement.
What does the area under the curve represent in an acceleration vs. time graph?
The change in velocity (?V).
What does the area under the curve represent in a force vs. time graph?
Impulse (F�T).
What does the area under the curve represent in a force vs. displacement graph?
Work (F� ?d)
What does the slope represent in an energy/work vs. time graph?
Power (W/T or (F�d)/T or F�V).
What is Newton's First Law?
An object at rest stays at rest until acted upon by an outside force. An object in motion stays in motion (in a straight line) until acted upon by an outside force.
What is Newton's Second Law?
The net force of an object is the product of its mass and acceleration (Fnet=m�a).
What is Newton's Third Law?
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction (Force of A on B = -Force of B on A).
What is Inertia?
Inertia is the ability of an object to resist changes in its motion.
What is the name for "m" in Fnet=m�a?
Inertial mass.
What is the name for "m" in Weight=mg & Fgravity=G((m1�m2)/r�)?
Gravitational mass.
Are Inertial and Gravitational mass different from one another?
Theoretically, they're different from one another. But, as it turns out, they are exactly the same.
What are the only forces that can act on an object without contact?
Gravitational and Electrical Forces.
What is the support force that is always ? to the surface?
The normal force.
On an incline what are the components of gravity?
Downhill component: weight�sin(?)
Component ? to the slope: weight�cos(?)
What must be true for an object to be in equilibrium?
Forces on opposite sides are equal, Fnet=0, a=0, or the velocity is constant (or 0).
What is true of a rope of negligible mass?
The tension is the same throughout.
What can you do when multiple objects are attached and move together?
You can treat them as one object with the same magnitude of acceleration.
What results from two surfaces moving across each other?
Kinetic Friction.
What results from two surfaces that are not moving across each other?
Static Friction.
What is true regarding static friction compared to kinetic friction?
The coefficient of static friction is greater than that of kinetic friction.
What is the coefficient of friction, and what doesn't affect it?
It is a property of the two materials in contact and it is not affected by the weight or speed of the object.
What direction does kinetic friction act?
Opposite that of the motion of the object.
In what direction does static friction act?
The direction opposite to the way the object would move if there wasn't any friction.
The force of friction always acts ________ to the _______.
Parallel to the surface.
When is the total momentum of a system conserved?
When it is a closed system.
In what kind of collision is momentum conserved?
All types of collisions.
What happens to the objects in a Perfectly inelastic collision?
They stick together and have the same Vf.
What differentiates Elastic collisions from Inelastic and Perfectly inelastic collisions?
Kinetic energy is only conserved in Elastic collisions, the others lose it.
What is a system?
A system is a collection of objects chosen for analysis.
An object moving in a straight line has what?
Translational Kinetic Energy.
An object that is rotating has what?
Rotational Kinetic Energy.
Objects raised above the surface of a planet have what kind of potential energy?
Gravitational Potential Energy.
A mass attached to a compressed or stretched spring has what kind of potential energy?
Elastic Potential Energy.
What do Conservative forces do?
Convert potential energy to other forms of mechanical energy when they do work.
The work done by conservative forces are "path dependent" meaning?
It only depends on the starting and ending positions of the object.
What is Mechanical Energy?
The sum of Kinetic and Potential Energy.
Mechanical energy is only conserved when what is absent?
Collisions, Frictions, and other work done by outside forces.
What is work?
Energy added to or taken away from a system by an outside force applied over a PARALLEL distance.
What kind of forces do not do work?
Forces applied PERPENDICULAR to the distance traveled.
What is power?
Energy used (or work done) per second.
What is Centripetal Acceleration?
An object's acceleration toward the center of the circle.
What does Centripetal mean?
Toward the center.
What does Centripetal Acceleration do an object's speed and direction?
It changes the object's direction, but NOT its speed.
What is a Tangential Velocity?
The velocity of an object (when moving in a circle) directed tangent to the circle.
What does Tangential Velocity to an object's speed and direction?
It changes the object's speed but NOT its direction.
When is Torque applied?
When a force is applied to an object that could cause the object to rotate.
What is the Lever Arm Distance (r)?
The shortest distance from the axis of rotation to the place where the force is applied.
What will an object that is moving freely in space rotate around?
Its center of mass.
If there are multiple forces supporting a weight, where would the support forces bear more of the weight?
The support forces closer to the center of mass.
What is Rotational Inertia?
An object's resistance to a change in rotational speed.
Is Rotational Inertia a vector or a scalar?
It is a scalar.
Is it easier or harder to rotate an object with a mass close to the center of rotation?
It is easier.
Angular Momentum, like normal momentum, is what?
Conserved in a closed system.
What does g (the gravitational field near a planet) tell us?
How much 1 kg of mass weighs at that location.
The Gravitational force of a planet on any object is what?
mg
When measuring distances with regard to gravity, (d) is measured from what to what?
From one object's center of mass to the other object's center of mass.
At what height is the gravitational Potential energy zero?
h=? or h=0
All objects that are closer than infinity have what kind of gravitational potential energy?
Negative gravitational potential energy
What gives an object a negative charge?
An object gets a negative charge from having more electrons than protons.
What gives an object a positive charge?
An object gets a positive charge from having more protons than electrons.
What is the unit of charge?
The unit of charge is the Coulomb (C).
What is Electric Current (I)?
Electric Current (I) is the flow of positive charge over time (If electrons are moving right, the current is to the left).
What is Resistance (R)?
Resistance (R) tells how difficult it is for charge to flow through a particular circuit.
What is Resistivity (p)?
Resisitivity (p) is a property of a material which tells how difficult it is for an electron to flow through it.
What is Voltage (V)?
Voltage (V) is a measure of electric potential energy per charge.
LOOK AT NOTES AND PHYSICS PHACTS SHEET AND LEARN THE DIFFERENCES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUITS
LOOK AT NOTES AND PHYSICS PHACTS SHEET AND LEARN THE DIFFERENCES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUITS
What do Ammeters measure, what type of circuit must it be in, and what should it ideally have?
Ammeters measure current, they must be placed in a series circuit, and (ideally) should have zero resistance.
What do Voltmeters measure, what type of circuit must it be in, and what should it ideally have?
Voltmeters measure voltage, they must be placed in a parallel circuit, and (ideally) should have infinite resistance.
What is the Period (T)?
The Period (T) is the time for one cycle of simple harmonic motion, or a full wavelength, to complete.
What is Frequency (�)?
Frequency (�) is the number of cycles, or number of wavelengths passing a position in one second.
What is the unit of Frequency (�)?
The unit of Frequency (�) is Hertz (1/second).
What is the amplitude?
The amplitude is the distance from the midpoint of a wave to its crest.
What does the energy carried by a wave depend on?
The energy carried by a wave is dependent upon the amplitude of the wave.
What is the wavelength (?)?
wavelength (?) is the length (distance) of once complete cycle.
What is the spring constant (k)?
The spring constant (k) is the measure of the stiffness of a spring. It measures how many Newtons of force are required to stretch the spring 1 meter. The unit is N/m.
What is a restoring force?
A restoring force is any force that always pushes an object back toward its equilibrium position.
What are nodes?
Nodes are stationary points in a standing wave.
What are anti-nodes?
Anti-nodes are points on a standing wave with the largest amplitudes.
What are transverse waves?
Transverse waves are waves whose particles vibrate perpendicularly to the direction the wave is traveling.
What are longitudinal waves?
Longitudinal waves are waves whose particles vibrate perpendicularly to the direction the wave is travelling.
What are pulse waves?
Pulse waves are waves with single crests/troughs.
What are periodic waves?
Periodic waves are waves that are repeated.
When a wave travels from one medium into another, what happens to the frequency, speed, and wavelength?
When travelling from one medium into another, the frequency remains the same but the speed and wavelength may change.
When does constructive interference occur?
Constructive interference occurs when the CREST of one wave overlaps the CREST of another wave.
When does destructive interference occur?
Destructive interference occurs when the CREST of one wave overlaps the TROUGH of another wave.
When do waves interfere with one another?
Waves only interfere with one another when they occupy the same space. After they pass through each other, the waves return to their original amplitude.
What happens to the amplitude when waves interfere with one another?
When two waves interfere with one another, the amplitude is the sum of the original amplitudes (added for constructive interference and subtracted for destructive interference).
What is pitch?
Pitch is how high or low a note is perceived to be.
What is pitch directly related to?
Pitch is directly related to the frequency.
What determines the loudness of a wave?
The amplitude of a wave determines the loudness of the wave.
What are beats?
Beats are the rhythmic interference that occurs when two notes of unequal, but close frequencies are played.
How do you determine the frequency of the beats?
The frequency of the beats is equal to the difference between the two original frequencies.
What is the Doppler effect?
The Doppler effect is that the frequency of a wave increases when the sound source and the observer are moving toward each other. The faster they move toward each other, the larger the increase in frequency.
What will happen to an object when a force is applied at the object's natural frequency?
If a force is applied at an object's natural frequency the object will begin to "resonate" or vibrate with increasing amplitude at that frequency.
What is the formula for average velocity?
Vavg = ?x/t
What is the formula for average acceleration?
Aavg = (Vf-Vo)/t
What is the formula for ?x?
?x = Vot + �at�
What is the formula for final velocity?
Vf� = Vo� + 2a?x
What is the formula for net force?
Fnet = m�a
What is the formula for friction
� = �N
What is the formula for Weight?
W = m�g
What is the formula for Momentum?
p = m�v
What is the formula for Impulse?
Impulse = F�t
What is the formula for ?p (Change in momentum)?
?p = Fnet�t
What is the formula for Work?
W = F�d (parallel)
What is the formula for Kinetic Energy?
KE = �mv�
What is the formula for Elastic Potential Energy?
PEe = �kx�
What is the formula for Power?
P = W/t = (F�d)/t = F�V = I � V
What are the units for Power?
Watts.
What is the formula for Mechanical Energy?
ME = KE + PEg + PEe
What is the formula for the force of gravity?
Fg=G�[(m?m?)/d�]
What is the formula for the gravitational field of a planet near it's surface?
g = (G�M)/d�
What is the formula for the gravitational potential energy
PEg = -G [(m?m?)/d] OR mgh
What is the formula for the average angular speed?
w = ??�t
What is the formula for angular Acceleration?
? = (wf-w?)/t
What is the formula for the change in an object's angle?
??=w?t + �at�
What is the formula for the final angular speed of an object?
wf�=w?� + 2??
What is the formula for centripetal acceleration?
a(c)=v(t)��r
What is the formula for torque?
t=f � r?
What is formula for the Angular momentum of a "point particle"?
L=mvr
What is the formula for the angular momentum of a rotating object?
L=Iw
What is the formula for the force of electricity?
FE=k � ((q1�q2)/d�)
What is the formula for Electrical current?
I = (?q/?t)
What is the formula for Resistivity?
R = (pL)/A
What is the formula for Voltage?
V = I � R
What is the formula for the resistance of a series circuit?
Rs = R1 + R2 +...
What is the formula for the resistance of a parallel circuit?
1/Rp = 1/R1 + 1/R2 +...
What is the formula for the force of a spring?
Fs = -k?x
What is the formula for the period of a wave?
T = 1/�
What is the formula for the velocity of a wave?
v = �?
What is the formula for period of a spring?
Ts = 2? � ?m/k
What is the formula for the period of a pendulum?
Tp = 2? � ?L/g
What is the formula for the frequency of an open-open or string wave system?
� = (nv)/(2L) when n = 1,2,3,4,...
What is the formula for the frequency of a half-open wave system?
� = (nv)/(4L) when n = 1,3,5,7,...