Reciprocal Determinism
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Reciprocal Determinism example:
The effect of a neighborhood built environment on physical activity behaviors
Outcome Expectations
Beliefs about the likelihood and value of the consequences of behavioral choices
Outcome Expectations example:
Losing weight as a result of healthy eating and regular exercise
Self-efficacy
Beliefs about personal ability to perform behaviors that bring desired outcomes
Self-efficacy example:
Belief in the ability to engage in consistent exercise/physical activity in order to lose weight
Collective efficacy
Beliefs about the ability of a group to perform concerted actions that bring desired outcomes
Collective efficacy example:
Petition for better outdoor spaces (e.g., sidewalks) to engage in physical activity
Incentive motivation
The use and misuse of rewards and punishments to modify behavior
Incentive motivation example:
Rewarding a 5 pound weight loss with some Ben & Jerry's
Facilitation
Providing tools, resources, or environmental changes that make new behaviors easier to perform.
Facilitation example:
Using a heart rate monitor or Fitbit to monitor steps and physical activity
Self-regulation
Controlling oneself through self-monitoring, goal-setting, feedback, self-rewards, self-instruction, and enlistment of social support.
Self-regulation example:
Joining Weight Watchers, using the MyFitnessPal phone app, joining a workout weight loss club
Moral disengagement
Ways of thinking about harmful behaviors and the people who are harmed that make infliction of suffering acceptable by disengaging self-regulatory moral standards
Moral disengagement example:
Following orders" mentality in war crimes, etc.
SCT in Health Behavior
Includes cognitive, emotional, behavioristic understandings of behavioral change.
Constructs/process give lots of creative freedom in behavioral research.
Human health is a social matter, not just an individual one.
Psychosocial Risk Factors
Environment, Individual, Behavioral
Behavioral Risk Factors
Diet, Exercise, Smoking
Genetic Risk Factors
Family history
Physiological Risk Factors
High blood pressure, high cholesterol
Morbidity & Mortality
Stroke, Myocardial infarction
What could contribute to a decrease in self-efficacy?
Verbal persuasion, social influences in the environment
Texas Tobacco Prevention Program (T2P2)
An Update of the Minnesota Smoking Prevention Program
SCT Limitations
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SCT fits with both health education and health behavior programs because
it addresses dynamics of individual behavior and gives direction to the design of the intervention
Personal cognitive factors
include the individual's ability to self-determine or self-regulate behavior and to reflect upon and analyze experience.
Socioenvironmental factors
aspects of the perceived and/or physical environment that promote, permit, or discourage engagement in a particular behavior.
Supporting behavioral factors
actions taken by individuals that can be classified as either health-enhancing (leading to improved health) or health-compromising (leading to poorer health).
Main constructs for personal cognitive factors
Self efficacy , collective efficacy, outcome expectancy, and knowledge
primary sources of self efficacy
mastery of previous experience, vicarious experience, social persuasion, emotional arousal
Mastery of previous
person develops behavioral skills, beliefs of expected outcome, mental representation of level of self efficacy for behavior
vicarious experience
watching the success of failure of others performing a task
social persuasion
encouragement or dis-encouragement from a social desirable individual to peform a behavior
emotional arousal
acts as cue to the person about anticipated success of failure of performing behavior .
physical outcome expectancy
relationship between a behavior and a health - physical outcome
ex: pain, pleasure, change in disease symptoms
social outcome expectancy
social response to behavior
ex: approval, disapproval, power, or applause
self evaluative outcome
comparing a person's behavior to his- her internal standards
knowledge
knowing health risk and benefits of different health practices
main constructs of environmental factors
observational learning, normative beliefs, social support, barriers and opportunities
observational learning
based on belief of observing behavior
4 processes of observational learning
attention, retention, production, motivation
Attention
observing and putting value on a behavior
Retention
a person's intellectual capacity , less likely to occur if a person does not remember events - outcomes
production
level of knowledge, skills, self efficacy already possessed
the more knowledge + skills --> easier to form behavior
motivation
determined by expected cost and benefits of observed behavior
normative beliefs
belief of which other people who are important to you will influence if you should/ should not perform a behavior
Social consequences
behaviors that goes against the norm
self evaluative consequences
behavior vs internal standards
what influences normative beliefs
social consequences and self evaluative consequences
what changes normative beliefs
individuals overestimate prevalence of behavior
use perception from peers norms as a standard to their behavior
Social support
important maintain behavior , interpersonal relationships to promote and protect individuals
types of social support
emotional ,esteem , informational , instrumental
barriers and opportunities
prevent or help a person to change their behavior
behavioral capacity
significance of behavior and knowledge to perform skills
behavioral skills
self regulation and excerising control --> develop new skills
to acquire skills and self regulation you need
self motoring ,goal setting, feedback , self reward
intentions
readiness to perform behavior , predict the proximal or distal future to perform behavior
sources of cognitive motivation
capacity of forethought and goal setting
reinforcement
to strengthen behavior
positive reinforcement
stimulus/ reward is given to a person to perform a behavior, behavior will increase
example of positive reinforcement
give a student a dance party for eating a certain amount of healthy foods a month
negative reinforcement
unpleasant stimulus is removed in result of performing a specific behavior , behavior increase
example of negative reinforcement
buzzing car stops when passenger puts on seat belt
punishment
to weaken a behavior
main constructs for supporting behavior factors
observational learning, intention, reinforcement - punishment
Positive punishment
negative consequence after an undesired behavior is exhibited, behavior will decrease .
example of positive punishment
A child wears his favorite hat to church or at dinner, his parents scold him for wearing it and make him remove the hat.
negative punishment
when a certain desired stimulus/item is removed after a particular undesired behavior is exhibited, behavior will decrease
example of negative punishment
Siblings get in a fight over who gets to go first in a game or who gets to play with a new toy, the parent takes the game/toy away.
perceived self efficacy
person level of confidence in their ability to control their behavior
situational self efficacy
confidence to succeed with a specific task
example of situational self efficacy
confidence int the ability to prepare a healthy meal , low confidence to eat fewer calories
Social role model
a person that can persuade the pros or cons of performing a behavior , support social norms that the behavior is desirable or not
perceived collective efficacy
group motivational commitment to its mission and resilience to adversity
ex: student achievement in school
emotional support
showing care, love, companionship
esteem support
validate beliefs, emotions, and actions
information support
providing information or advice
Instrumental support ( facilitation )
providing materials and equipment for behavior
social supports helps with
self efficacy
self monitoring
observing one's behavior
goal setting
identifying long term changes in behavior
feedback
ability to perform and improve behavior
self reward
giving yourself a tangible reward
self instruction- critique
analyze - judge before and after you perform your behavior
self efficacy is measured
subjectively
SCT strengths
appealing , helps with health work and research
broad range of areas to examine --> promote behavior change
widely used for variety of health behavior and populations
individuals playing an active role
Future work for SCT
environmental influence overlooked
short lived / weak
could be enhanced by applying sociological model context
SCT transition ___________ to __________
behaviorism to cognitivism