patho
disease
physiology
function of human body
disease
disorider of a body system
etiology
causes of disease
biologic agents- bacteria, virus
physical forces- trauma, burns, radiation
chemical agents- poisons, alcohol
risk factors: predispose to a particular disease
What are congenital defects?
-present at birth
-genetic influence- environmental factor (viral infection in mother, maternal drug use)
risk factors: predispose to a particular disease
What are acquired defects?
-caused by events after birth
-injury, infection, inadequate nutrition, lack of oxygen
pathogenesis
events leading to altered state
from etiologic agent to the disease
morphology
gross anatomic change
microscopic change
histology
study of cells and body tissue
diagnose (dx) of cancer
lesion is pathologic body organ or tissue
tissue- cells with similiar origin and function
acute disorder
relatively severe, self-limiting
chronic disorder
continuous, long term
subacute
not as severe as acute and not as long as chronic
clinical manifestations
the outcome of the condition
signs and symptoms
terms used to describe the structural and functional changes that accompanies a disease
symptoms
subjective complaint (pain)
sign
objective and noted by observer (fever)
diagnosis
designation of cause of health problem, clinical probability
Epidemiology
incidence
number of new cases arising in a population at risk (without the disease) during a specific time
prevalance
measure of existing disease in a population at a given point in time
-number of existing cases/current population
natural history
progression and projected outcome of disease without treatment
prognosis
probable outcome and prospect of recovery from a disease
nucleus and nucleolus
contains the genetic code essential for function and survival of the cell
ribosomes
protein synthesis
endoplasmic reticulum
communication
golgi complex
function with ER, modifies and packages them into secretory granules or vesicles
lysosomes, peroxisomes
digestive organelles breakdown, remove foreign substances and worn out cell parts
mitochondria
power plants, extract energy from organic compounds
cytoskeleton
microtubules, microfilaments
maintains cell shape
proteasomes
small compartmentalized protein complexes that are responsible for proteolysis of malformed and misfolded proteins
state four functions of the cell membrane
1. controls the transport of materials from the extracellular fluids to the interior of the cell
2. provides receptors for hormones and other biologically active substances
3. participates in the generation and conduction of electrical currents that occur
red blood cells start out with all the organelles as they mature, they
-lose their lysosomes
-produce hemoglobin
-have small golgi bodies
-have enlarged endoplasmic reticulum
when red blood cells are mature, they
lose their endoplasmic reticulum
lose their mitochondria
by the time a red blood cell is mature, it has lost all but which of the following
-lysosomes
-endoplasmic reticulum
-hemoglobin
-mitochondria
hemoglobin- b/c the function of the RBC is to carry oxygen, hemoglobin is an essential component of the cell (each hemoglobin molecule can carry four molecules of oxygen). Lysosomes, ER, and mitochondria all exert some metabolic function in other cells. B
relate the function of ATP to cell metabolism
metabolism and energy is the process where the food we eat is converted to energy for cell function.
Energy is stored as ATP
two paths:
aerobic- most efficient
anerobic- glycolic pathway (without oxygen)
glycolysis
the anaerobic process by which energy is liberated from glucose. It is an important source of energy for cells that lack mitochondria. Glycolysis involves a sequence of reactions that converts glucose to pyruvic acid, with the concomitant production of AT
glycolytic pathway
glycolysis- occurs in cytoplasm
splits carbon glucose molecules
process is anaerobic
-energy liberated from glucose
-does not require oxygen or produce CO2
-pyruvate is converted to lactic acid
aerobic metabolism
supplies 90% of the bodys energy needs, occurs in the cell's mitochondria and requires oxygen.
citric acid cycle
AKA Krebs Cycle or oxidative metabolism
-provides energy through aerobic metabolism (requires O2)
-combines hydrogen and oxygen to form H2O
-occurs in mitochondria and produces ATP
-some reactions produce CO2
beta cells
type of cell in the pancreas
store and release insulin, hormone that controls the level of glucose in the blood
the amount of glucose in the blood will sensor beta cells
ATP is produced in the mitochondria
true or false
true- the krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondria
each krebs cycle produces one molecule of ATP
diffusion
movement of molecules "downhill" from an area of higher to an area of lower concentration
passive or simple diffusion
molecules move randomly away from the area where they are most concentrated
-the kinetic movement of molecules or ions occurs through a membrane opening or through intermolecular spaces without any interaction with a carrier protein
facilitated diffusion
molecules diffuse across a membrane by passing through a protein; requires assistance or pump
-faciliated diffusion occurs down a concentration gradient; thus, it does not require input of metabolic energy, but it does require a transport protein
osmosis
diffusion of water molecules
active transport
when cells use energy to move ions against an electrical or chemical gradient
-the active transport system studied in the most detail is the sodium/potassium ATPase membrane pump
vesicular transport
mechanism in which a cell encloses material in a small spherical membranous sac, or vesicle, formed from the plasma membrane.
there are two types of vesicular transport
endocytosis and exocytosis
endocytosis
the process by which cells engulf materials from their surroundings. if the vesicle is small the process is called pinocytosis (cell drinking), if the vesicle is large the process is called phagocytosis (cell eating)
your patient has been given an intravenous solution of water. what will happen to this patients red blood cells
they will burst/lyse- osmosis causes movement from "more watery" to "less watey". Because water is more watery than the RBC, water moves into the cell causing it to expand and burst/lyse
cell communication
a messenger molecule attaches to receptor proteins on cell surfaces
receptor proteins cause cell to respond by
-opening ion channels to let ions in or out
-causing a second molecule to be released inside the cell
-turning on enzymes inside the cell
-stimulating the transcription of genes in the nucleus
ion channel-linked receptors
-involved in the rapid synaptic signaling between electrically excitable cells
-many neurotransmitters mediate this type of signaling by transiently opening or closing ion channels formed by integral proteins in the cell membrane
-this type of signaling i
membrane potential
electrical potential across cell membranes
what is the process for generating and conducting membrane potentials
diffusion of current-carrying ions
-both passive and facilitated diffusion are used to accomplish this
describe the basis for membrane potentials
cells begin with a negative charge:resting membrane potential
stimulus causes some Na+ channels open
Na+ diffuses in, making the cell more positive
At threshold potential, more Na+ channels open
Na+ rushes in, making the cell very positive : depolarizatio
When does an action potential occur?
An action potential occurs when Na+ moves into the cell, making it more positive on the inside (depolarization). When K+ leaves the cell, it becomes less positive (more negative) until it returnes to resting membrane potential (repolarization)
four different tissue types
epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous
describe epithelial tissue
forms sheets that cover the bodys outer surface, lines the internal surfaces, and form glandular tissue
describe connective tissue
most abundant tissue in the body
connects and binds or supports the various tissues
its cells produce the extracellular matrix that supports and holds tissues together
describe muscle tissue
primary function contraction
responsible for movement of the body and its parts and for changes in the size and shape of internal organs
describe nervous tissue
distributed throughout the body as an integrated communication system
cell junctions
the junctions between tissue cells are important in governing the shape of the body, transmitting mechanical stresses from one cell to another, and creating pathways for communication.
-cell junctions occur at many points in cell to cell contact, but they
extracellular matrix
tissues are not made up of solely cells. a large part of their volume is made up of an extracellular matrix. matrix is made up of proteins and polysaccharides. two main classes of extracellular macromolecules make up the extracellular matrix: ground subst