Which of the following factors plays a role in organ tropism?
a. Preferential adherence to the surface of certain target cells
b. Presence of certain growth factors or hormones
c. Presence of chemotactic factors
d. All of the above
d. All of the above
Which of the following mutational routes is necessary to cause cancer with a tumor suppressor gene mutation?
a. Point deletion on one chromosome
b. Chromosomal translocation
c. Gene amplification
d. Deletion of both copies of a tumor suppressor gene
d. Deletion of both copies of a tumor suppressor gene
Viruses are associated with all of the following cancers except:
a. lung cancer.
b. Kaposi sarcoma.
c. lymphoma.
d. liver cancer.
a. lung cancer.
Which of the following is an effective treatment for cancer-related or chemotherapy-related anemia?
a. Exercise
b. Chemotherapy
c. Erythropoietin
d. Calcium and magnesium supplements
c. Erythropoietin
Survival from breast cancer is directly correlated to the:
a. number of involved lymph nodes.
b. amount of seeding in the peritoneal cavity.
c. amount of pain an individual incurs.
d. degree of nausea and vomiting side effects from chemotherapy.
a. number of involved lymph nodes.
Local tissue invasion by a tumor is accomplished by which of the following mechanisms?
a. Release of cytokines by the tumor cells, which kills surrounding cells
b. Release of lytic enzymes by the tumor cells, which causes tissue degradation
c. Release of
b. Release of lytic enzymes by the tumor cells, which causes tissue degradation
Which of the following statements about alcohol intake and cancer risk is true?
a. Alcohol intake is linked to the development of liver cancer only.
b. Alcohol intake increases the development of smoking-related cancers.
c. Moderate amounts of alcohol int
b. Alcohol intake increases the development of smoking-related cancers.
Autotoxin release by cancer cells stimulates:
a. cell division.
b. apoptosis of normal cells.
c. motility.
d. release of lysosomal enzymes.
c. motility.
A tumor that has distant lymph node involvement but no evidence of distant metastasis to other tissues is classified as:
a. Stage I.
b. Stage II.
c. Stage III.
d. Stage IV.
c. Stage III.
In normal cells, the glycoprotein fibronectin:
a. is a self vs. non-self antigenic marker.
b. acts as a receptor for growth factors.
c. activates the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin.
d. helps adhere neighboring cells to each other.
d. helps adhere neighboring cells to each other.
The extension of cancer to distant tissues and organs is called:
a. apoptosis.
b. tropism.
c. metastasis.
d. malignancy.
c. metastasis.
Cancer cells ensure adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients by releasing:
a. autocrine growth factors.
b. lysosomal enzymes.
c. telomerase.
d. angiogenic factors.
d. angiogenic factors.
Alterations in carbohydrate metabolism in people with cancer causes:
a. hypoglycemia.
b. depressed carbohydrate absorption.
c. weight gain.
d. a diabetes-like syndrome.
d. a diabetes-like syndrome.
Determining the size of the tumor, the degree of node involvement, and the extent of distant metastasis is called:
a. categorization.
b. staging.
c. factoring.
d. processing.
b. staging.
Which of the following factors is necessary for metastasis to occur?
a. Decreased cellular motility
b. Decreased cell adhesions
c. Temporary cessation of cell division
d. Proximity to body cavities
b. Decreased cell adhesions
Malignant tumors have a tendency to:
a. grow rapidly.
b. metastasize to distant tissues.
c. invade surrounding tissues.
d. all of the above.
d. all of the above.
Which of the following factors plays a role in the development of cancer from viral and bacterial infections?
a. Inflammatory chemicals cause damage to DNA.
b. Growth factors are released during the resulting inflammation.
c. Cells divide more frequently
d. All of the above factors play a role.
How does radiation therapy provide an effective means for treating some forms of cancer?
a. Ionizing radiation damages the cancer cell's DNA.
b. Heat generated by radiation is thermally toxic to cancer cells.
c. The resulting inflammatory response destroy
a. Ionizing radiation damages the cancer cell's DNA.
Cancer-causing mutations of a proto-oncogene result in:
a. apoptosis.
b. increased cell division.
c. production of monoclonal antibodies.
d. decreased cell responsiveness to growth factors.
b. increased cell division.
Which of the following viruses has been implicated in the development of cervical cancer?
a. Herpes virus
b. HIV
c. Epstein-Barr virus
d. Human papilloma virus
d. Human papilloma virus
Neuromuscular dysfunction and the release of inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 are thought to be responsible for which of the following manifestations of cancer?
a. Cachexia
b. Thrombocytopenia
c. Metastasis
d. Fatigue
d. Fatigue
Which of the following cell populations do chemotherapeutic agents primarily target?
a. All cells
b. Cancer cells only
c. Cells that are incapable of mitosis
d. All rapidly dividing cells
d. All rapidly dividing cells
Pharmacologic therapies for pain management include all of the following except:
a. local anesthesia.
b. beta receptor blockers.
c. anti-inflammatory agents.
d. opioids.
b. beta receptor blockers.
Mechanisms that cause cancer pain include all of the following except:
a. Pressure on tissues and nerve endings
b. Metastases to bone
c. Cancer cells residing in lymph nodes
d. Release of pain-inducing chemicals
c. Cancer cells residing in lymph nodes
Seeding involves the spread of cancer cells to:
a. blood vessels.
b. serous membranes of body cavities.
c. fascia surrounding muscles and bones.
d. dermis and subcutaneum of the skin.
b. serous membranes of body cavities.
After cancer cells metastasize into lymphatic vessels, which of the following events occurs?
a. Cancer cells are killed by immune cells in the lymph nodes.
b. Cancer cells lodge in the lymph node and proliferate.
c. Cancer cells continue past the lymph no
d. All of the above can occur.
Major causes of fatigue related to cancer and cancer therapy listed by the National Cancer Institute include all of the following except:
a. chronic stress.
b. disordered sleep.
c. immunosuppression.
d. metabolic disturbances.
c. immunosuppression.
A proto-oncogene is best defined as:
a. a normal gene.
b. a frameshift mutation.
c. an inactive gene.
d. a tumor-suppressor gene.
a. a normal gene.
Which of the following alterations in metabolism is often present in people with cancer?
a. Increased basic metabolic rate
b. Decreased fat breakdown
c. Increased anabolism
d. Overproduction of protei
a. Increased basic metabolic rate
Which of the following is a typical characteristic of benign tumors?
a. Cells in the tumor are undifferentiated.
b. Benign tumors are surrounded by a capsule.
c. Benign tumors have a tendency to invade surrounding tissue.
d. Cells in the tumor occasionall
b. Benign tumors are surrounded by a capsule
The process of triggering new blood vessel formation in a tumor is called:
a. erythropoiesis.
b. atherosclerosis.
c. angiogenesis.
d. seeding
c. angiogenesis.
Anticipatory nausea related to cancer treatment is caused by:
a. fear of impending chemotherapy treatment.
b. central nervous system effects of chemotherapeutic drugs.
c. gastrointestinal tract toxicity.
d. constipation and diarrhea.
a. fear of impending chemotherapy treatment.
Obesity is an important risk factor for all of the following cancers except:
a. breast cancer.
b. leukemia.
c. colon cancer.
d. esophageal cancer.
b. leukemia.
Immortality in cancer cells is obtained through the production of:
a. growth factors.
b. apoptosis signals.
c. telomerase.
d. tumor markers
c. telomerase.
Chronic active hepatitis B infection is a risk factor for developing which of the following types of cancer?
a. Lung
b. Leukemia
c. Pancreas
d. Liver
d. Liver
Which of the following is not a typical characteristic of cancer cells?
a. Loss of cellular self-destruct mechanis
b. Unlimited replication
c. Autocrine stimulation
d. Decreased responsiveness to growth signals
d. Decreased responsiveness to growth signals
The most commonly reported symptom in individuals with cancer is:
a. fatigue.
b. anorexia.
c. nausea.
d. depression.
a. fatigue.
Hair loss from chemotherapy treatment is condition known as:
a. folliculitis.
b. alopecia.
c. erythema.
d. sterility.
b. alopecia.
The wasting syndrome associated with cancer and cancer treatment is called:
a. cachexia.
b. anemia.
c. Cushing syndrome.
d. anabolism.
a. cachexia.
The less differentiated a cancer cell is, the more:
a. benign it will be.
b. embryonic it will appear.
c. similar it will appear to its tissue of origin.
d. all of the above.
b. embryonic it will appear.
Which of the following modes of treatment is not used to eradicate cancer?
a. Immunotherapy
b. Blood transfusions
c. Hormone therapy
d. Surgery
b. Blood transfusions
Cachexia is a syndrome that includes all of the following symptoms except:
a. anorexia.
b. weight loss.
c. dyspnea.
d. weakness and fatigue.
c. dyspnea.
In order for a tumor cell to invade tissues, it must attach to laminin in the:
a. basement membrane.
b. endothelium.
c. collagenous matrix.
d. blood.
a. basement membrane.
Leukopenia from cancer or chemotherapy treatment increases an individual's risk for:
a. allergic reactions.
b. autoimmune disease.
c. bleeding.
d. infection.
d. infection.
The process of cancer cells entering into blood vessels is called:
a. tropism.
b. embolism.
c. intravasation.
d. angiogenesis.
c. intravasation.
The normal function of tumor suppressor genes in an individual without cancer is to:
a. prevent apoptosis.
b. control production of anti-growth signals.
c. stimulate cell replication.
d. prevent cancer-causing mutations.
b. control production of anti-growth signals.
Sarcomas are cancers that arise from:
a. connective tissues.
b. glandular tissues.
c. epithelial tissues.
d. germ cells.
a. connective tissues.
Apart from diminished physical energy, cancer-related fatigue can manifest in which of the following ways?
a. Diminished intellectual performance
b. Muscle weakness
c. Mood changes
d. All of the above
d. All of the above
Cervical carcinoma in situ:
a. usually progresses to cervical cancer even after treatment.
b. contains cancer cells that have not invaded the surrounding tissue.
c. refers to cervical cancer that has metastasized to the liver.
d. cannot be detected using
b. contains cancer cells that have not invaded the surrounding tissue.
Tumor markers can be found in:
a. blood.
b. cerebrospinal fluid.
c. urine.
d. all of the above.
d. all of the above.
As a tumor grows, it exerts mechanical pressure on surrounding tissues, which results in:
a. cellular swelling.
b. ischemia.
c. metastasis.
d. extravasation.
b. ischemia.
Tumor cell markers can be used to:
a. screen individuals for cancer.
b. diagnose tumor type.
c. follow the clinical course of tumor development.
d. all of the above.
d. all of the above.
One way that a tumor suppressor gene can become inactivated in the absence of mutation or deletion is through gene:
a. silencing.
b. splicing.
c. amplification.
d. translocation.
a. silencing.
All of the following dietary substances are known carcinogens except:
a. fiber.
b. polyunsaturated fats.
c. charbroiled beef.
d. nitrates (nitrosamines).
a. fiber.
Kwashiorkor is a form of malnutrition arising from a diet poor in:
a. calories.
b. fat.
c. carbohydrate.
d. protein.
d. protein.
Anemia in individuals with cancer can be the result of all of the following except:
a. decreased erythropoietin.
b. chronic bleeding.
c. fatigue.
d. malignant cells in the bone marrow.
c. fatigue.
Radon exposure increases an individual's risk for which of the following cancers?
a. Pancreatic
b. Esophageal
c. Lung
d. Skin
c. Lung
Individual response to pain depends on which of the following factors?
a. Cultural
b. Psychologic
c. Physiologic
d. All of the above
d. All of the above
Which of the following cancers always arises from an initial mutation in the blood-forming cells of the bone marrow?
a. Lymphoma
b. Carcinoma
c. Leukemia
d. Sarcoma
c. Leukemia
Which of the following risk factors is associated with the development of lung, bladder, pancreatic, renal, laryngeal, pharyngeal, and esophageal cancer?
a. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation
b. Radon
c. Tobacco use
d. Asbestos
c. Tobacco use
Referring to cancer, the term anaplasia means:
a. loss of cellular differentiation.
b. rapid growth of cells.
c. independence from normal cellular controls.
d. ectopic production of hormones.
a. loss of cellular differentiation.
The term used to describe an aggregation of cancer cells that accumulates faster than its non-mutant neighbors is clonal:
a. selection.
b. stimulation.
c. expansion.
d. reunification.
c. expansion.
Helicobacter pylori infection is a bacterial cause of:
a. lymphoma.
b. colon cancer.
c. gastric cancer.
d. bladder cancer.
c. gastric cancer.
Oral ulcers caused by chemotherapy or radiation therapy is a condition known as:
a. stomatitis.
b. candidiasis.
c. impetigo.
d. decubitus ulceration.
a. stomatitis.
Normally, the tumor suppressor gene p53 induces:
a. apoptosis.
b. secretion of anti-growth factors.
c. the formation of oncogenes.
d. telomere activity.
a. apoptosis.
Which of the following genetic events is capable of activating oncogenes?
a. Deletion
b. Loss of heterozygosity
c. Amplification
d. All of the above
c. Amplification
Cancers in the abdominopelvic cavity, such as ovarian and colorectal cancers, tend to first metastasize to the:
a. liver.
b. bladder.
c. brain.
d. axillary lymph nodes.
a. liver.
Exposure to ionizing radiation is linked to all of the following cancers except:
a. leukemia.
b. thyroid cancer.
c. breast cancer.
d. skin cancer.
d. skin cancer.
Which of the following statements about cancer pain is false?
a. Non-pharmacologic therapies such as meditation and relaxation are ineffective for cancer pain management.
b. Most patients with cancer experience pain early in the disease process.
c. Cancer
b. Most patients with cancer experience pain early in the disease process.