C. Relates the amount of pain to the amount of soft tissue injury
The specificity theory of pain postulates that the intensity of pain is directly related to the amount of associated tissue injury. It does not take into account previous experience, emotio
Which of the following is TRUE regarding the specificity theory of pain?
A. Focuses on the attention of pain
B. Focuses on previous experience of pain
C. Relates the amount of pain to the amount of soft tissue injury
D. Relates to the emotions exhibited t
B. Nociceptor cells
Nociceptors are receptors that perceive pain. Second-order neurons are of three classes: projection cells, excitatory interneurons, and inhibitory interneurons.
Which of the following is NOT a class of second-order neurons found in the dorsal horn?
A. Projection cells
B. Nociceptor cells
C. Excitatory interneurons
D. Inhibitory interneurons
B. Limbic and reticular system
Which two systems regulate the complex emotional responses to pain?
A. Frontal and cerebellar lobes
B. Limbic and reticular system
C. Thalamus and brainstem
D. Midbrain and nuclei of thalamus
D. Down-regulatory
The four classifications of neurotransmitters are inflammatory, pain excitatory, pain inhibitory, and modulators of pain.
There are four classifications of neurotransmitters. Which of the following is NOT one of these?
A. Pain inhibitory
B. Inflammatory
C. Pain excitatory
D. Down-regulatory
A. Glutamate
Glutamate and aspartate are the most common excitatory neurotransmitters in the brain and spinal cord. GABA and glycine are inhibitory. Substance P is contained in neurons that synapse with GABA and glycine, and they inhibit pain.
Which of the following is an excitatory neurotransmitter?
A. Glutamate
B. GABA
C. Glycine
D. Substance P
D. Denkephalins
The four types of endogenous opioids include enkephalins, endorphins, dynorphins, and endomorphins
Which of the following is NOT an endogenous opioid?
A. Enkephalin
B. Endorphin
C. Dynorphins
D. Denkephalins
B. Stress
Which of the following activities has been documented to increase the levels of circulating endogenous endorphins?
A. Cough
B. Stress
C. Sleep
D. Pain
B. Pain at one location that may cause an increase in threshold at another location
What is the appropriate definition of perceptual dominance?
A. The duration of time or intensity of pain before overt pain responses are initiated
B. Pain at one location that may cause an increase in threshold at another location
C. Repeated exposure to
B. Pleuritic
Pleuritic pain is described in terms of pulmonary function, not in general classification of pain.
Which of the following is NOT a classification of acute pain?
A. Acute visceral
B. Pleuritic
C. Referred
D. Acute somatic
C. Referred pain
Which of the following is the appropriate term for pain that is present in an area distant from its point of origin?
A. Acute pain
B. Chronic pain
C. Referred pain
D. Somatic pain
A. Muscle strain
Which of the following is classified as a myofascial pain syndrome?
A. Muscle strain
B. Mastectomy
C. Neck dissection
D. Surgical amputation
B. Deafferentiation
Sympathetic pain occurs after a peripheral nerve injury and is characterized as continuous and severe with a burning quality. Complex regional syndrome is another name for reflex sympathetic dystrophy and causalgia. Central pain is cau
Which of the following is pain that results from tumor infiltration of nerve tissue, trauma, or chemical injury to the nerve?
A. Sympathetic
B. Deafferentiation
C. Complex regional
D. Central
C. Hypothalamus
Which part of the brain is responsible for temperature regulation?
A. Thalamus
B. Medulla
C. Hypothalamus
D. Limbic system
A. Radiation
Which mechanism of heat loss refers to heat loss through electromagnetic waves?
A. Radiation
B. Conduction
C. Convection
D. Evaporation
B. Normal adaptive response
Which of the following is TRUE regarding fever?
A. Aberrant process involving cytokines
B. Normal adaptive response
C. Maintains core body temperature
D. Caused by decreased body temperature
D. Switches to lipolysis and proteolysis
Which of the following is a benefit of fever?
A. Decreases lymphocytic transformation
B. Diminishes the response of phagocytosis
C. Decreases calcium concentration
D. Switches to lipolysis and proteolysis
B. Heat exhaustion
A woman who has been outside on a summer day experiences increased sweating and thirst, and she feels weak and dizzy. Which of the following is the MOST accurate diagnosis?
A. Heat cramps
B. Heat exhaustion
C. Heat stroke
D. Malignant hyperthermia
D. Parasomnias
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of sleep?
A. Memory consolidation
B. Restorative functions
C. Growth and neurocognitive development
D. Parasomnias
Dyspraxia
Impaired conceptualization and execution of complex acts.
Hypotonia
Cerebellar damage can manifest as...
Spinal Shock
Characterized by flaccid paralysis, no reflexes, and disturbances in bowel and bladder function.
Anterograde Amnesia
Inability to form new memories
Vigilance Deficit
The inability to concentrate or sustain attention is ...