A. There are 1.4 million head injuries a year in the United States.
In regards to traumatic brain injury (TBI), which of the following is TRUE?
A. There are 1.4 million head injuries a year in the United States.
B. The majority of injuries do not require hospitalization.
C. Twenty percent of head injuries are mild.
D. Eig
D. GCS score of 3 to 8
Which of the following BEST describes a severe Traumatic Brain Injury in terms of the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)?
A. GCS score of 13 to 15
B. GCS score of 12 to 13
C. GCS score of 9 to 12
D. GCS score of 3 to 8
B. Falls
Which of the following is the most common cause of Traumatic Brain Injury?
A. Motor vehicle accidents
B. Falls
C. Stuck by moving objects or moving against stationary objects
D. Assault
B. Frontal
A man has sustained a contusion. He has changes in attention, memory, affect, and emotion. In which region of the brain is the contusion most likely located?
A. Cerebral
B. Frontal
C. Cerebellum
D. Midbrain
A. Subdural
An older adult alcoholic man has fallen and is told he has a hematoma that is on the top of his brain. Which of the following types of hematoma would most likely occur in this man?
A. Subdural
B. Epidural
C. Extradural
D. Intracerebral
C. Grade III
Grade I is consistent with momentary confusion and disorientation.
Grade II is momentary confusion and retrograde amnesia that develops after 5 to 10 minutes.
Grade III is confusion and retrograde amnesia present from impact.
Grade IV involve
A man has symptoms of confusion and retrograde amnesia present after impact with a baseball to his skull. Which of the following grades of concussion does this describe?
A. Grade I
B. Grade II
C. Grade III
D. Grade IV
C. Comminuted fracture
A comminuted fracture is also called a burst fracture, in which the vertebral body is shattered into several fragments. A simple fracture is a single break usually affecting the transverse or spinous process.
A compressed fracture i
A person experiences a vertebral fracture in which the C1 vertebra is fractured into several fragments. This can be described as which type of fracture?
A. Simple fracture
B. Compressed fracture
C. Comminuted fracture
D. Dislocation
B. Edema occurs in the gray matter.
Edema occurs in the white matter.
Which of the following is NOT true regarding a secondary spinal cord injury?
A. Secondary injury of the cord begins within a few minutes after injury.
B. Edema occurs in the gray matter.
C. Microscopic hemorrhages appear in the central gray matter.
D. Oxy
B. Involves all skeletal muscles
Spinal shock is characterized by a complete loss of reflex function below the level of the lesion. This involves all skeletal muscle. There is severe impairment below the level of the lesion. This includes paralysis and fl
Which of the following is TRUE regarding spinal shock?
A. Characterized by an incomplete loss of reflex function
B. Involves all skeletal muscles
C. Causes increased muscle tone below the lesion
D. No disruption of thermal control
A. CVAs are the leading cause of disability in the United States.
Which of the following is a TRUE statement regarding the epidemiology of an acute cerebrovascular accident (CVA)?
A. CVAs are the leading cause of disability in the United States.
B. CVAs are the leading cause of death.
C. Fifty percent of all stroke vict
D. Obesity
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for a CVA?
A. Arterial hypertension
B. Smoking
C. Diabetes
D. Obesity
C. The most common cause of hemorrhagic stroke is hypertension.
Which of the following is a TRUE statement regarding hemorrhagic stroke?
A. It is the most common cause of CVA.
B. It accounts for 50% of all CVAs.
C. The most common cause of hemorrhagic stroke is hypertension.
D. It is often caused by a microinfarct.
B. Heroin abuse
Aneurysm formation has been linked to cocaine use.
Which of the following is NOT a cause of aneurysm?
A. Arteriosclerosis
B. Heroin abuse
C. Congenital anomaly
D. Trauma
C. Can be due to a combination of congenital and degenerative changes
Which of the following is a TRUE statement regarding saccular or berry aneurysms?
A. Occur commonly in childhood
B. Grow rapidly
C. Can be due to a combination of congenital and degenerative changes
D. Occur in about 10% of the general population
A. Migraine without aura
Which of the following is a TRUE statement regarding subarachnoid hemorrhage?
A. Individuals with intracranial aneurysm are at risk.
B. Individuals with hypertension are not at risk.
C. Trauma is not a cause.
D. Mortality is rare.
B. Migraines occur most frequently before and during menses.
Which of the following is TRUE regarding migraine?
A. The diagnosis is made on the basis of a head CT scan.
B. Migraines occur most frequently before and during menses.
C. Migraine is not linked with any other disorder.
D. Drug therapy always includes nar
C. Tension headache
A 23-year-old woman complains of bilateral pain with a sensation of a tight band around her head. Which type of headache fits this description?
A. Migraine with aura
B. Migraine without aura
C. Tension headache
D. Cluster headache
A. Astrocytoma
Which of the following primary brain tumors occurs most commonly?
A. Astrocytoma
B. Ependymoma
C. Oligodendroglioma
D. Meningioma
C. Grades III and IV are treated with surgery.
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding grading of an astrocytoma?
A. Grade I is not treated.
B. Grade II is treated with radiation only.
C. Grades III and IV are treated with surgery.
D. Grade III is not well circumscribed.
A. They are commonly found in the frontal lobe and cerebral hemisphere.
Which of the following is a TRUE statement regarding grade III and grade IV astrocytomas?
A. They are commonly found in the frontal lobe and cerebral hemisphere.
B. There is an absence of necrosis.
C. There is an absence of vascularity.
D. They are black.
D. Cysts and calcifications present
Oligodendrogliomas are slow-growing, well-differentiated tumors that often have cysts and calcifications. They comprise 2% of all brain tumors.
Which of the following is TRUE regarding oligodendroglioma?
A. Accounts for 20% of all brain tumors
B. Fast growing
C. Undifferentiated
D. Cysts and calcifications present
D. Parasellar
A woman experiences hormonal failure, optic atrophy, and gradual paraparesis. Which of the following is the most likely site of the meningioma based on these symptoms?
A. Sphenoidal wing
B. Olfactory groove
C. Parasagittal
D. Parasellar
A. Carcinomas are disseminated to the brain from the circulation.
Which of the following is TRUE regarding metastatic tumors that are located in the brain?
A. Carcinomas are disseminated to the brain from the circulation.
B. One third of metastatic tumors are located within the brain.
C. Two thirds of metastatic tumors
D. Tubercular meningitis has a 90% recovery rate with an early diagnosis.
Which of the following is TRUE regarding meningitis?
A. Bacterial meningitis is a primary infection of the gray matter.
B. Aseptic meningitis is most commonly caused by a fungus.
C. Fungal meningitis is very common.
D. Tubercular meningitis has a 90% reco
C. Cranial nerve VII
A person experiences facial paresis following bacterial meningitis. Which of the following cranial nerves is most likely affected?
A. Cranial nerve III
B. Cranial nerve II
C. Cranial nerve VII
D. Cranial nerve VIII
C. Early capsule formation
A person is developing a brain abscess. It demonstrates a decreased necrotic center and mature collagen. With which of the following stages is this most consistent?
A. Early cerebritis
B. Late cerebritis
C. Early capsule formation
D. Late capsule formatio
C. It is caused by arthropod-borne viruses.
It is caused by a virus, often arthropod (tick or mosquito) borne. Herpes simplex 1 can also cause the illness; type 1 is more common than type 2. Encephalitis is an acute febrile illness.
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding encephalitis?
A. It is an afebrile illness.
B. It is caused by bacteria.
C. It is caused by arthropod-borne viruses.
D. It is caused exclusively by herpes simplex 2.
D. Is a demyelinating disorder
It is a demyelinating disorder of the CNS and affects the peripheral nervous system. It is relatively common and affects the myelin.
Which of the following is TRUE regarding multiple sclerosis?
A. Uncommon disease
B. Affects gray matter
C. Involves the central nervous system only
D. Is a demyelinating disorder
B. Guillain-Barr�
A person experiences demyelination of the peripheral nerves with sparing of the axons. Of which of the following diseases is this a characteristic?
A. Alzheimer
B. Guillain-Barr�
C. Myasthenia gravis
D. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
D. An increase in ICP appears in 4 to 6 days after injury
In severe diffuse axonal injury:
A. Coma lasts less than 24 hours
B. Coma lasts longer than 24 hours
C. Disruption of axons occurs in cerebral hemispheres and in those that extend into the diencephalon and brain stem
D. An increase in ICP appears in 4 to
Brudzinski
What sign exhibits pain and increased rigidity of the neck? Severe neck stiffness from meningitis causes a patient's hips and knees to flex when the neck is flexed.
Concussion
A violent displacement of brain tissue due to acceleration or deceleration.
Neuromuscular Junction
What is the sight of dysfunction in myasthenia gravis?
Guillian - Barre Syndrome
A disease which involves the influx of macrophages to destroy peripheral nerve myelin.
Multiple Sclerosis
The disorder exhibiting remissions and exacerbations but progressively destroys the CNS myelin is...