If the surface barriers such as the skin or mucus membranes are breached, the second line of defense in innate immunity is the:
A) lymph node.
B) lymphocyte response.
C) inflammatory response.
D) memory cells.
Which of the following stimuli are known to induce mast cell degranulation?
A) Thermal injury
B) The presence of toxins
C) Immunologic tissue injury
D) All of the above
The process of a phagocyte squeezing through retracted endothelial cells to enter into the tissues is called:
A) fusion.
B) diapedesis.
C) phagocytosis.
D) margination.
Prior to engulfment of a bacterium during phagocytosis, which of the following events must occur?
A) Release of lysosomal enzymes
B) Fusion
C) Recognition and adherence
D) Formation of a phagolysosome
A monocyte is a circulating white blood cell that transforms into which of the following cells once it enters the tissue during an inflammatory response?
A) Neutrophil
B) Macrophage
C) Mast cell
D) Fibroblast
Cells defend against viral invasion through the production and secretion of:
A) histamine.
B) interferon.
C) growth factors.
D) prostaglandins.
Opsonization promotes the process of:
A) phagocytosis.
B) vasodilation.
C) increased vascular permeability.
D) clotting.
Warmth and redness of the skin are indicators of inflammation. Which of the following processes is responsible for this clinical manifestation?
A) Increased vascular permeability
B) Phagocytosis
C) Vasoconstriction
D) Vasodilation
Which of the following exudates would be present in highest concentration at the site of a persistent bacterial infection?
A) Fibrinous
B) Serous
C) Hemorrhagic
D) Purulent
One systemic manifestation of the acute inflammatory response is fever, which is induced by several mediators, including:
A) histamine.
B) interferon.
C) interleukin 1.
D) nitrous oxide.