When describing the male urinary anatomy, which information should the nurse include? The portion of the male urethra that is closest to the bladder is the _____ portion.
Membranous
Cavernous
Vas deferens
Prostatic
prostatic
While planning care for a patient with urinary problems, the nurse recalls that the renin-angiotensin system will be activated by:
Renal hypertension
Elevated sodium concentrations
Decreased blood pressure in the afferent arterioles
Increased blood volume
Decreased blood pressure in the afferent arterioles
When the nurse is discussing the functional unit of the kidney, what other term should the nurse use?
Nephron
Collecting duct
Pyramid
Calyx
Nephron
A 35-year-old hypertensive male begins taking a diuretic. Which of the following common side effects of this medication should the nurse monitor?
Hypokalemia
Hypermagnesemia
Hyponatremia
Increased uric acid secretion
Hypokalemia
When the nurse is discussing the sodium-sensing cells of the glomerulus, what term should the nurse use?
Podocytes
Macula densa
Loop of Henle
Macula densa
A 28-year-old female presents with fever, chills, and flank pain. She is diagnosed with pyelonephritis. A nurse recalls the patient's infection is located in the:
Renal pelvis
Renal tubules
Glomerulus
Bladder
Renal pelvis
A 42-year-old male is involved in a motor vehicle accident during which he loses a lot of blood. The nurse realizes he is in acute renal failure caused by:
Immune complex deposition in the glomerulus
Kidney stones
Inadequate renal blood flow
Obstruction o
Inadequate renal blood flow
A 60-year-old male is diagnosed with renal failure. While the nurse is reviewing lab results, which of the following lab values would be most consistent with this diagnosis?
Elevated plasma creatinine level
Metabolic alkalosis
Decreased plasma potassium l
Elevated plasma creatinine level
A 45-year-old female presents with hypertension, anorexia, nausea and vomiting, and anemia. She is diagnosed with chronic renal failure. When the patient asks what caused this anemia, how should the nurse respond? Your anemia is caused by:
Red blood cells
Inadequate production of erythropoietin
A 42-year-old female is diagnosed with chronic renal failure, and the nurse is discussing dietary treatment. Which information indicates the nurse understands dietary regimen? Treatment includes restricting:
Complex carbohydrates
Sugars
Proteins
Fats
protiens
When a patient asks what the most common type of renal stones is composed of, how should the nurse respond? The most common type of renal stone is composed of:
struvite.
calcium.
phosphate.
magnesium.
calcium
A 25-year-old female presents with burning urination. She was diagnosed with a urinary tract infection. When the nurse checks the culture results, which of the following organisms is most likely infecting her urinary tract?
Chlamydia
Streptococcus
Candida
Escherichia colli
Upon examination of a male infant, it is determined that the urethral meatus is located on the undersurface of the penis. The nurse will document this condition as:
Hydroureter
Hypospadias
Epispadias
Cryptorchidism
Hypospadias
Which of the following clusters of symptoms would make a clinician suspect a child has developed glomerulonephritis?
Proteinuria, hypotension, and ascites
Dysuria, urinary frequency, and abdominal tenderness
Pyuria, fever, and abdominal pain
Gross hematur
Gross hematuria, flank pain, and hypertension
A 7-year-old male presents to his primary care provider for incontinence. His mother indicates that he has never been continent. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis the nurse will observe on the chart?
Diurnal enuresis
Primary enuresis
Noc
Primary enuresis
A 15-year-old female presents with flank pain, irritability, malaise, and fever. Tests reveal glomerulonephritis. When the parents ask what could have caused this, how should the nurse respond?
Poststreptococcal infection
Potter syndrome
Nephrotic syndrom
Poststreptococcal infection
Which information indicates the nurse has a good understanding of female anatomy? Having ejected a mature ovum, the ovarian follicle then develops into:
Scar tissue
A corpus luteum
A theca cell
An atretic follicle
A corpus luteum
Which information indicates the nurse has a good understanding of progesterone? Progesterone is primarily secreted by the:
Corpus luteum
Granulose cells
Anterior pituitary
Follicle
Corpus luteum
A clinician is preparing to teach about spermatogenesis. Which information should the clinician include? Spermatogenesis occurs in the:
Vas deferens
Epididymis
Inguinal canals
Seminiferous tubules
Seminiferous tubules
When a staff member asks the nurse what the thick middle layer of the uterine wall is called, what is the nurse's best response? The:
Myometrium
Endometrium
Epithelial layer
Perimetrium
Myometrium
In the majority of cases delayed puberty is due to:
Slow maturation
Ambiguity in sex determination
A disruption of the pituitary
A disruption in the hypothalamus
Slow maturation
A 21-year-old female is infected with human papillomavirus (HPV) following unprotected sexual intercourse with a male she recently met. She is now at higher risk of developing which of the following cancers?
Ovarian
Endometrial
Vulvar
Cervical
Cervical
cryptorchidism can be defined as:
Lack of a scrotum
A normal developmental state of the testes
Problems with testicular descent
An abnormal state in which the testes are overdeveloped
Problems with testicular descent
A middle-aged male speaks to his physician about benign BPH. He reveals that his father was recently diagnosed with this condition, and he wants to know if he could have it. The physician tells him that a common complaint from men with mild to moderate BP
Decreased urinary stream
The patient's medication has a side effect of gynecomastia. The patient asks the nurse to define this term. The nurse would respond that gynecomastia is:
Overdevelopment of breast tissue in males
Lack of breast development in women
Inflammation of the mam
Overdevelopment of breast tissue in males
A 25-year-old female presents with amenorrhea and hirsutism. She is diagnosed with PCOS. Lab testing will most likely reveal:
Cortisol excess
Hyperinsulinemia
Genetic cancerous mutations
Estrogen deficit
Hyperinsulinemia
A 30-year-old female with newly diagnosed polycystic ovarian syndrome is being counseled by her OB-GYN. The physician indicates that this condition often results in:
Ovarian cancer
Early menopause
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Infertility
infertility
A 23-year-old sexually active female presents with white copious discharge and itch. She is diagnosed with yeast vaginitis caused by overgrowth of which microorganism?
Escherichia coli
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Lactobacillus acidophilus
Candida albicans
Candida albicans
The descent of the bladder and the anterior vaginal wall into the vaginal canal is called a:
Rectocele
Urethrocele
Varicocele
Cystocele
Cystocele
A 40-year-old female presents with cramping and excessive vaginal bleeding. Ultrasound reveals benign uterine tumors in the smooth muscle cells of the myometrium. These tumors are commonly called:
Adenomas
Adenomyosis
Leiomyomas
Endometriosis
Leiomyomas
Which sphincter prevents reflux of digested material from the colon into the small intestine?
Haustral
Ileocecal valve
Pyloric
Lower esophageal
Ileocecal valve
The ileum and jejunum are suspended by folds of the peritoneum known as the _____ that contains an extensive vascular and nervous network.
Meissner plexus
Myenteric plexus
Auerbach fold
Mesentery
Mesentery
In the liver, free bilirubin moves from the plasma in the sinusoids into the hepatocytes, where it is converted into:
Biliverdin
Conjugated bilirubin
Urobilinogen
Conjugated bilirubin
The exocrine portion of the pancreas contains:
Ducts
Alpha cells
Islets of Langerhans
Beta cells
ducts
The nursing student is teaching a class to second graders. The student would correctly identify that food moves down the esophagus via the process termed:
Haustral segmentation
Retropulsion
Peristalsis
Peristalsis
A 10-month-old is brought to the pediatrician by the mother who states the baby has been experiencing colicky pain followed by vomiting, sweating, nausea, and irritability. Testing reveals a condition in which one part of the intestine telescopes into ano
Intussusception
A 20-year-old male was recently diagnosed with lactose intolerance. He eats an ice cream cone and develops diarrhea. His diarrhea can be classified as _____ diarrhea.
Osmotic
Hypotonic
Secretory
osmotic
**A nonabsorbable substance in the intestine leads to osmotic diarrhea.
Clinical manifestations of bile salt deficiencies are related to poor absorption of:
Minerals
Proteins
Fats and fat-soluble vitamins
Fats and fat-soluble vitamins
A 30-year-old obese female underwent gastric resection in an attempt to lose weight. Which of the following complications could the surgery cause?
Acid reflux gastritis
Hiccups
Anemia
Constipation
anemia
Which of the following symptoms would help a health care provider distinguish between ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease?
Malabsorption
Diarrhea
Pattern of remission/exacerbations
Abdominal pain
Malabsorption
A 16-year-old female presents with abdominal pain in the right lower quadrant. Physical examination reveals rebound tenderness and a low-grade fever. A possible diagnosis would be:
Appendicitis
Pancreatitis
Hepatitis
Colon cancer
Appendicitis
A 54-year-old male complains that he has been vomiting blood. Tests reveal portal hypertension. Which of the following is the most likely cause of his condition?
Renal stenosis
Cirrhosis of the liver
Thrombosis in the spleen
Left ventricular failure
Cirrhosis of the liver
Manifestations associated with hepatic encephalopathy from chronic liver disease are the result of:
Decreased cerebral blood flow
Impaired ammonia metabolism
Hyperbilirubinemia and jaundice
Fluid and electrolyte imbalances
Impaired ammonia metabolism
An increase in the rate of red blood cell breakdown causes which form of jaundice?
Hemolytic
Metabolic
Hepatocellular
Obstructive
Hemolytic
A 55-year-old female has general symptoms of gallstones but is also jaundiced. IV cholangiography would most likely reveal that the gallstones are obstructing the:
Gallbladder
Common bile duct
Cystic duct
Intrahepatic bile canaliculi
Common bile duct
Reflux esophagitis is defined as a(n):
Congenital anomaly
Inflammatory response to gastroesophageal reflux
Immune response to gastroesophageal reflux
Secretory response to hiatal hernia
Inflammatory response to gastroesophageal reflux
Which of the following gastrointestinal (GI) clinical manifestations is subjective? (Select all that apply.)
Vomiting
Anorexia
Nausea
Diarrhea
Retching
anorexia
nausea
Prolonged diarrhea is more serious in children than adults because:
Children have lower adipose reserves.
Children have a lower metabolic rate.
Children are more resistant to antimicrobial therapy.
Fluid reserves are lower in children.
Fluid reserves are lower in children.
Which condition should the nurse assess for in mothers carrying fetuses affected by esophageal malformations?
Excessive amniotic fluid
Short umbilical cords
Enlarged placentas
Foul smelling vaginal discharge
Excessive amniotic fluid
A mother brings her 2-week-old infant to the pediatrician because he vomits forcefully for no apparent reason and food sometimes is regurgitated as though undigested. The infant is most likely suffering from:
Meconium ileus
Pyloric stenosis
Galactosemia
E
Pyloric stenosis
A 2-month-old female with Down syndrome is diagnosed with Hirschsprung disease following family complaints of chronic constipation. The most likely cause of these symptoms is:
Additional ganglia throughout the length of the colon
Absence of ganglia along
Absence of ganglia along the length of the colon
When a staff member asks the nurse about the contractile unit of a muscle, how should the nurse reply? The contractile unit of a muscle cell is called the:
Basement membrane
Motor unit
Myofibril
Ribosome
Myofibril
When the nurse is using the term "sarcopenia," what is the nurse describing? It is the:
Muscles that are unable to contract
Absence of muscle cells
Fatigue of muscle cells
Age-related loss in skeletal muscle
Age-related loss in skeletal muscle
While planning care for a patient with muscle problems, which information should the nurse remember? _____ ions directly control the contraction of muscles.
Calcium
Sodium
Magnesium
Potassium
calcium
The nurse observed the patient's muscle contracted, but the limb did not move. How should the nurse chart this muscle contraction?
Eccentric contraction
Concentric contraction
Isotonic contraction
Isometric contraction
Isometric contraction
Which of the following clinical findings would be expected in the patient with rhabdomyolysis?
Dark urine
Yellow color to the skin
Sweating
dark urine
A 70-year-old female presents with a hip fracture. She is diagnosed with osteoporosis. One factor that most likely contributed to her condition is:
Strenuous exercise
Increased androgen levels
Excessive dietary calcium
Decreased estrogen levels
decreased estrogen levels
A disorder similar to osteomalacia that occurs in growing bones of children is termed:
Osteosarcoma
Osteomyelitis
Paget disease
Rickets
rickets
A 54-year-old female was recently diagnosed with degenerative joint disease. This condition is characterized by loss of:
Articular cartilage
Synovial fluid
The joint capsule
The epiphyses
Articular cartilage
Researchers now believe that RA is:
A complication of rheumatic fever
An autoimmune disease
Related superficial joint injury
Curable with antiviral agents
Autoimmune disease
A 46-year-old male presents with severe pain, redness, and tenderness in the right big toe. He was diagnosed with gouty arthritis. The symptoms he experienced are caused by the crystallization of _____ within the synovial fluid.
Pyrimidines
Acetic acid
Pu
uric acid
A 32-year-old male was injured in a motor vehicle accident and confined to bed for 3 weeks. During this time, the size and strength of muscle fibers decreased, a condition referred to as:
Ischemic atrophy
Myodysplasia
Deconditioning hypoplasia
Disuse atro
Disuse atrophy
A 70-year-old female with osteoporosis fractures her leg at a location of preexisting abnormality. She reports that the fracture occurred following a minor fall. Which of the following best describes the fracture?
Pathologic fracture
Stress fracture
Green
Pathologic fracture
Fibromyalgia is a chronic musculoskeletal disorder characterized by:
Muscle pain in the back and gastrointestinal symptoms
Pain resulting from joint and muscle inflammation
Diffuse pain, fatigue, and tender points
Neurologic pain in the skeletal muscles
Diffuse pain, fatigue, and tender points
Ewing sarcoma originates from:
The spleen
Osteoblasts
The bone marrow
Epithelial cells
The bone marrow
Children with OI suffer from frequent:
Joint injuries
Bone fractures
Dislocations
Bone infections
bone fractures
Tinea corporis (ringworm) is a _____ infection of the skin.
Viral
Nematode
Fungal
Bacterial
fungal
A 20-year-old female presents with vaginal itch and thin-walled pustular lesions. She is diagnosed with candidiasis. This condition is caused by a:
Bacterium
Virus
Yeast
Fungus
yeast
When assessing a patient with scleroderma, which changes in the skin will be observed?
Thinning
Hyperpigmented
Necrosis
Hardening
Hardening
A 40-year-old female is diagnosed with skin cancer. Her primary care provider explains that the most important risk factor for skin cancer is:
Amount of sun exposure over age 50
Living in equatorial regions where the sun is most intense
Amount of direct s
Amount of direct sun exposure at a young age
In burn injury patients, the rule of nines and the Lund and Browder chart are used to estimate:
Depth of burn injury
Degree of systemic involvement
Total body surface area burned
Possibility of infection
Total body surface area burned
A 30-year-old male firefighter is badly burned and is admitted to the emergency department. Which of the following would be expected in the first 24 hours?
Increased capillary permeability
Diuresis
Fluid overload
Increased capillary permeability
Rubella, rubeola, and roseola are common communicable diseases caused by _____ infection.
Bacterial
Yeast
Fungal
Viral
viral
If a woman has a 28 day menstrual cycle, when will ovulation occur?
Day 28
Day 1
Day 14
The last day of menstruation
day 14
A 40 year old patient is admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of acute pancreatitis? What lab values would you expect to find?
Decreased bilirubin
Elevated AST and ALT
Elevated amylase and lipase
Increased albumin
Elevated amylase and lipase