What are general signs and symptoms of cardiac disease?
Cyanosis, dyspnea, edema, fatigue, heart block, intermittent claudication, pain, palpitations, Atrial/ventricular fibulation, premature ventricular contractions, reduced injection fraction, syncope
What are the "main" pathological cardiovascular conditions?
Angina pectoris, atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis, cardiac arrest, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, hypertension
A condition marked by severe pain in the chest, often also spreading to the shoulders, arms, and neck caused by inadequate blood supply to the heart.
Angina pectoris
Thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of arterial walls.
Arteriosclerosis
The most common form of arterosclerosis, associated with damage to the endothelial lining of the vessels and formation of lipid deposits leading to plaque formation.
Atherosclerosis
_________ _________ occurs when the heart stops beating as a whole.
Cardiac arrest
_________ _________ occurs when the blood supply to part of the heart stops and thus causes a section of the heart muscle to begin to die.
Myocardial infarction (MI)
_________ _________ is a syndrome characterized by impaired cardiac pump function.
Heart Failure / congestive heart failure
_________ is the most prevalent cardiovascular disease in the United States, and is defined as a persistent elevation of the systolic arterial BP above 140 mmHg or diastolic BP above 90 mmHg.
Hypertension
Coronary artery disease is a "_________" when it comes to cardiovascular disorders.
biggie
With coronary artery disease there is _________ narrowing.
Arterial
With coronary artery disease there is inadequate _________ supply to portions of the _________.
Blood, myocardium
Inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body is also known as _________.
Ischemia
What is the etiology of coronary-artery disease?
Blockage; plaque, cholesterol, calcium, exc
What are signs and symptoms of coronary artery disease?
Angina pectoris; Ischemic pain, burning, squeezing, tightness, pressure in the chest/neck/shoulder/abdominal/back area. (possible nausea, vomiting, sweating, SOB, anxiety)
What are diagnostic tests used to diagnose coronary artery disease?
ECG/EKG, stress test, MRI
What is the medical treatment for coronary artery disease?
Improve oxygenation, lifestyle changes
Cardiac related chest pain due to ischemia.
Angina
What are the two types of angina?
Stable and unstable
This type of angina typically occurs at rest without any obvious precipitating factors or with minimal exertion. It is chest pain that increases in severity, frequency, and duration and is refractory to treatment.
Unstable angina
This type of angina occurs during exercise or activity. Chest pain is experienced at a certain intensity of exercise when the myocardial oxygen demand exceeds the blood supply to the myocardium. Alleviated with rest and/or medication.
Stable angina
What medication can be self-administered by a patient with Stable Angina to reduce chest pain?
Nitroglycerin (NTG)
Unstable angina usually warrants immediate medical intervention because the patient is at impending risk for _________ _________ or a lethal arrhythmia.
Myocardial infarction
This life-threatening medical emergency occurs when blood flow/oxygenation to a part of the heart muscle is blocked leading to tissue death.
Myocardial infarction
In regards to myocardial infarction damaged heart muscle cannot _________.
Regenerate
Myocardial infarction is the _________ cause of death in the US.
Leading
Signs and symptoms of a myocardial infarction?
Crushing chest pain, pain in the left upper extremity and jaw. More severe than angina.
What are signs and symptoms of a myocardial infarction in women?
Fatigue, nausea/vomiting, shortness of breath
A myocardial infarction requires _________ medical care.
Prompt
In congestive heart failure, the heart's action as a pump is _________ _________.
Progressively impaired
Due to the pump impairment, the blood flow in the body _________ causing the blood flow returning to the heart to _______ up.
Slows, back
In congestive heart failure, there is _________ in the tissues throughout the body.
Congestion
In congestive heart failure, what are the resulting problems?
Coughing, cyanosis, edema, fatigue, pulmonary edema, shortness of breath
_________ _________ is the sudden, unexpected interruption of heart function.
Cardiac arrest
In regards to congestive heart failure, the heart stops beating/stops pumping blood to the
________.
Brain
There are a lot of causes of cardiac arrest but Carla listed two;-) What are they?
Coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction
Cardiac arrest is the reason we, as PTAs, all renew our CPR license every ________ years.
Two
What is hypertension?
High blood pressure
In regards to hypertension, the heart is working against increased ________.
Resistance
Systolic= heart ________.
Contraction
Diastolic= heart ________.
Relaxation
What is blood pressure reading for stage 1 hypertension?
140/90 mmHg
What is blood pressure reading for stage 2 hypertension?
160/100 mmHg
Hypertension can contribute to an aneurysm, ________ ________, or
________ ________.
cerebrovascular accident (CVA/stroke), kidney failure
This occurs when blood flow in a leg artery stops suddenly. Thrombus.
Acute arterial occlusion
This rare condition occurs when blood vessels of the arms and legs become inflamed, swell, and can become blocked with blood clots.
Thromboangiitis obliterans
Thromboangiitis obliterans is also known as ________ ________.
Buerger's disease
Enlarged veins in the legs and feet, due to increased pressure from standing/walking upright.
Varicose veins
________ is the formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood through the circulatory system.
Thrombosis
The sudden blockage of a major blood vessel (artery) in the lung usually by a blood clot.
Pulmonary embolism
An ________ occurs when part of an artery wall weakens, allowing it to widen abnormally or balloon out.
Aneurysm
Stenosis of the heart valves or "leaky valves" are all ________ issues.
Valve
What are some very common cardiac surgeries?
Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), heart transplant, open heart surgery, pacemaker insertion/placement, coronary artery angioplasty
A procedure in which a healthy artery or vein from the body is connected or grafted to the blocked coronary artery. The grafted artery/vein bypasses the blocked portion of the coronary artery creating a new path for blood to flow to the heart muscle.
Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
Shoulder pain and disability, ipsilateral to the implant site, is a common complication of what cardiac surgery?
Pacemaker insertion/placement
This procedure is used to open clogged heart arteries by temporarily inserting and inflating a tiny balloon to help widen the artery.
Coronary artery angioplasty
Where is the incision placement for a coronary artery angioplasty?
Groin