What are the clinical indicators of pulmonary disease?
Dyspnea is what the individual says it is and is often described as "a breathlessness, air hunger, shortness of air/breath, and labored" Assessment findings often include: flaring nostrils, use of accessory muscles, and/or retraction of intercostal spaces
Abnormal breathing patterns?
: Normal breathing is rhythmic and effortless. The text indicates that normal adults take 8-16 breaths per minute (14-20 is a standard range) and that a short expiratory pause occurs naturally with each breath. A sigh, which is an occasional deeper breath
What is hyperventilation and hypoventilation?
Hypoventilation involves inadequate alveolar ventilation and occurs when tidal volume and respiratory rate are reduced. Causes include altered pulmonary and/or neurologic function (e.g., brain stem�breathing center). Hypoventilation creates an environment
Differentiate among ischemia, hypoxia, and hypoxemia?
As we just discussed, hypercapnia is common with hypoventilation.
Causes of hypercapnia: 1) drugs that depress the respiratory system, 2) infections of CNS, and 3) spinal cord disruptions/injuries. Complications of hypercapnia include F&E imbalances and t
What is acute respiratory failure, risk factors?
Acute respiratory failure: inadequate gas exchange (defined values on slide) resulting from direct injury to the lungs, airways, or chest wall, or indirectly through injury to other parts of the body (e.g., spinal cord injury). Can occur in someone that i
What are the types of pneumothorax, including manifestations and causes?
Pneumothorax is the presence of air or gas within the pleural space. It's often caused by a rupture of tissue surrounding the lung or within the pleura and chest wall. Air begins to separate the visceral and parietal pleura, destroying the negative pressu
Compare and contrast pleural effusion?
Pleural effusion refers to the presence of blood or fluid within the pleural space. Pleural effusions are categorized according to the type of fluid that has accumulated within the lung.
S/S: dyspnea, compression atelectasis with impaired ventilation, and
Compare and contrast pleural effusion and empyema?
Empyema (pus) occurs when microorganisms invade the pleural space (pneumonia, lung abscesses, infected wounds). Specific S/S of empyema (AKA: infected pleura effusion) include cyanosis, fever, tachycardia (rapid heart rate), cough, and pleural pain. Breat
How does structure, form and integrity of the chest wall influence pulmonary function?
Chest wall restrictions result from any condition that compromises/deforms the chest wall (trauma, immobilization, obesity, muscle weakness) resulting in an increased work of breathing and ventilation (resulting in a decreased tidal volume).
Flail chest r
What is the clinical manifestations and underlying mechanisms of atelectasis?
Restrictive lung diseases refer to decreased compliance of lung tissue. The work of breathing increases b/c the lungs don't expand as easily. Dyspnea, tachypnea, and a decreased tidal volume are present with restrictive lung diseases. These diseases cause
How does inhaling toxic or allergenic substances causes respiratory dysfunction?
Breathing in toxic gases/agents such as smoke or ammonia can cause respiratory dysfunction (top image). Inhalation injuries from burns can occur from substances such as toxic gases and heat, causing damage and dysfunction for a number of breathing mechani
What is the pathophysiology and manifestations associated with pulmonary edema?
Pulmonary edema refers to excess water within the lung. Normally, multiple factors work continuously to keep our lungs dry (i.e., lymphatic drainage, capillary hydrostatic pressure, etc). Risk factors for pulmonary edema include heart disease, ARDS, and i
What is the pathophysiology and manifestations of acute respiratory distress syndrome?
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is characterized by acute lung inflammation and diffuse alveolocapillary injury that is defined as (1) the acute onset of bilateral infiltrates on chest x-ray, (2) a low ratio of partial pressure of arterial oxyg
What are the similarities, clinical manifestations, underlying mechanisms, and consequences of obstructive pulmonary diseases? (Next few slides)
As an introduction, Obstructive lung disease is characterized by airway obstruction that is worse with expiration, which requires the pt to work harder to breathe out. This decreases the emptying of air from the lung (creating retention of CO2).
The major
Discuss the role of inflammation in asthma?
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory d/o of the bronchial mucosa that causes hyperresponsiveness and constriction of the airways. Asthma has a familial component (there may be a genetic component as well) and a number of risk factors (a few include onset of d
COPD (Obstructive Pulmonary disease)
Look at slide 21 pictures (ABCD).
Airway Obstruction Caused by Emphysema, Chronic Bronchitis, and Asthma.
A: The normal lung
B: Emphysema: illustrates enlargement and destruction of alveolar walls with loss of elasticity and trapping of air
C: Chronic bro
Chronic bronchitis (Obstructive pulmonary disease)
Chronic bronchitis is defined as hypersecretion of mucus and a chronic productive cough for at least 3 months of the year (usually the winter months) for at least 2 consecutive years.
Patho: irritants enter the respiratory system and cause inflammation, w
Emphysema (Obstructive pulmonary disease)
Emphysema refers to abnormal, permanent enlargement of gas-exchange airways, accompanied by destruction of alveolar walls. Obstruction results from changes in lung tissues (different from mucous production and inflammation of chronic bronchitis). A major
Clinical manifestations of Chronic Obstructive lung disease?
Productive Cough: Classic sign Late in course with infection
Dyspnea: Late in Course Common
Wheezing Intermittent Common
History of Smoking Common Common
Barrel Chest Occasionally Classic
Prolonged expiration Always present Always present
Cyanosis Common
Compare and contrast the clinical symptoms and underlying mechanisms of bacterial pneumonia, viral pneumonia, tuberculosis?
First of all, Pneumonia is an infection within the lower respiratory tract caused by all kinds of microorganisms (bacterial, viruses, fungi, etc).
RF: older age, compromised immunity, and smoking. The causative microorganism influences how the individual
Describe the cellular changes, clinical manifestations, outcomes and complications of pulmonary embolus?
Pulmonary embolism (PE) is an occlusion within the pulmonary vascular bed by an embolus. PE's commonly are the result of a clot originating from the deep veins of the lower leg. The main risk factors for PE are termed Virchow's triad.....WHAT ARE THE 3 CO
Risk factors and pathologic changes associated with pulmonary atrial hypertension?
Mean pulmonary artery pressure 5 to 10mmHg above normal or above 20mmHg
Primary pulmonary hypertension
-Idiopathic
Disease of the respiratory system and hypoxemia are more common causes.
Pulmonary atrial hypertension is defined as a mean pulmonary artery
What are the different types of lung cancer?
Most common cause is cigarette smoking. Heavy smokers have a 20 times greater chance of developing lung cancer than nonsmokers. Smoking is related to cancers of the larynx, oral cavity, esophagus, and urinary bladder. Environmental or occupational risk fa