The movement of gas and air into and out of the lungs is called:
Ans: Ventilation
Exp: Ventilation is the mechanical movement of gas or air into and out of the lungs.
The PA who is auscultating the lungs of a child who has aspirated a piece of hot dog, would expect decreased or absent breath sound over the:
Ans: Right lung
Exp: The mainstem bronchus extends from the trachea more vertically than the left main bronchus, so that aspirated fluids or foreign particles tend to enter the right lung rather than the left
Aspiration is most likely to occur in the:
Ans: Right mainstem bronchus because it extends vertically from the trachea.
Exp: The right mainstem bronchus extends from the trachea more vertically than the left mainstem bronchus, so that asprirated fluids or foreign particles tend to enter the right
Where in the lung does gas exchange occurs?
Ans: Alveocapillary membrane.
Exp: Gas exchange occurs across the alveolocapillary membrane.
_____ secrete surfactant, a lipoprotein that coats the inner surface of the alveoli.
Ans: Type II alveolar cells
Exp: The two major types of epithelial cells appear in the alveolus. Type I alveolar cells provide structure, and type II alveolar cells secrete surfactant, a lipoproteins that coats the inner surface of the alveolus and facili
The adequacy of a person's alveolar ventilation is assessed by by monitoring:
Ans: Arterial Blood gas
Exp: The adequacy of alveolar ventilation cannot be accurately determined by observation of ventilatory rate, pattern, or effort. If a healthcare professional needs to determine the adequacy of ventilation, an arterial blood gas an
Normal physiologic changes in the aging pulmonary system include:
Ans: Stiffening of the chest wall
Exp: Normal alteration include (1) loss of elastic recoil, (2) stiffening of the chest wall, (3) alterations in gas exchange, and (4) increases in flow resistance.
How is the most of the oxygen in the blood transported?
Ans: Bound to hemoglobin
Exp: Oxygen is transporte in two forms. A small amount dissolves in plasma, and the remainder binds to hemoglobin molecules.
Which enodgenous substances cause bronchoconstriction?
Ans: Histamine and prostaglandin
Exp: Constriction occurs if the irritant receptors in the airway, epithelium are stimulated by irritants in inspired air, by endogenous substances (e.g. histamine, serotonin, prostaglandins), by many drugs, and by humoral
If a patient develops acidosis, the nurse would expect the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to:
Ans: Shift to the right, causing more O2 to be released to the cells.
Exp: A shift to the right depicts hemoglobin's decreased affinity for oxygen or an increase in the ease with which oxyhemoglobin dissociates and oxygen moves into the cells. The oxyhemo
Most carbon dioxide in the blood is transported:
Ans: In the form of bicarbonate.
Exp: Approximately 60% of the CO2 in venous blood and 90% of the CO2 in arterial blood are carried in the form of bicarbonate.
Changes in the alveoli that cause an increase in alveolar surface tension, alveolar collapse, and decreased lung expansion are a result of:
Ans: Decreased surfactant production
Exp: Surfactant, a lipoprotein produced by type II alveolar cells, has a detergent-like effect that separates the liquid molecules, thereby decreasing alveolar surface tension, increasing alveolar collapse, and decreas
Decreased lung compliance means that the lungs are:
Ans: stiff
Exp: A decrease indicates that the lungs or chest wall is abnormally stiff or difficult to inflate.
The lung is innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system via the ______ nerve.
Ans: vagus
Exp: Fibers of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in the lung branch from the upper thoracic and cervical ganglia of the spinal cord. Fibers of the parasympathetic division of the ANS travel in the vagus nerve to the
Hypoventilation that results in the retention of carbon dioxide will stimulate which of the following receptors in an attempt to maintain a normal homeostatic state?
Ans: Central chemoreceptors monitor arterial blood indirectly by sensing changes in the pH of the CSF. The central chemoreceptors are sensitive to very small changes in the pH of the CSF (equivalent to a 1 to2-mm Hg change in the PCO2) and are able to mai
Which of the following is the most important cause of pulmonary artery constriction?
Ans: Low alveolar PO2
Exp: The most important cause of pulmonary artery constriction is a low alveolar partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2)
Dyspnea is not a result of:
Ans: Decreased blood flow to the medulla oblongata.
Exp: There is no data to support the role of decreased blood flow to medulla oblongata as being a cause of dyspnea.
It is caused by a decreased pH, increased PaCO2, and decreased PaO2; stimulation of str
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND) is a result of:
Ans: Fluid in the lungs
Exp: Another type of positional dyspnea is PND, in which individuals with heart failure or lung disease wake up at night gasping for air as a result of fluid accumulation in the lungs and must sit up or stand to relieve the dyspnea
_____ is generally relieved by sitting up in a forward-leaning position.
Ans: Orthopnea
Exp: Orthopnea is generally relieved by sitting up in a forward-leaning posture or supporting the upper body on several pillows.
Which of the following is a true statement?
Ans: Hyperventilation causes hypocapnia.
Exp: Hyperventilation is alveolar ventilation that exceeds metabolic demands. The lungs remove CO2 at a faster rate than it is produced by cellular metabolism, resulting in decreased PaCO2 or hypocapnia.
Pulmonary edema and pulmonary fibrosis cause hypoxemia by:
Ans: Impairing alveolocapillary membrane diffusion
Exp: Diffusion of oxygen through the alveolocapillary membrane is impaired if the alveolocapillary membrane is thickened or the surface of the area available for diffusion is decreased. Abnormal thickness
Alveolar dead space is a result of:
Ans: Pulmonary emboli
Exp: The most common cause of high / is a pulmonary embolus that impairs blood flow to the segment of the lung. An area where alveoli are ventilated but not perfused is termed alveolar dead space.
The most common cause of pulmonary edema is:
Ans: Left-sided heart failure
Exp: The most common cause of pulmonary edema is heart disease. When the left ventricle fails, filling pressure on the left side of the heart increase and cause a conmitant increase in pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure
_____ involves an abnormally enlarged gas-exchanged system and the destruction of alveolar walls.
Ans: Emphysema
Exp: Emphysema is abnormal permanent enlargement of gas-exchange airways (acini) accompanied by destruction of alveolar walls without obvious fibrosis.
_____ is a fulminant form of respiratory failure characterized by acute lung inflammation and diffuse alveolocapillary injury.
Ans: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Exp: ARDs is a fulminant form of respiratory failure characterized by acute lung inflammation and diffuse alveolocapillary injury.
In ARDS, inflammatory mediators such as rpoteolytic enzymes, oxygen free radicals, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and platelet-activating factor are released by:
Ans: Neutrophils
Exp: The role of neutrophils is central to the development of ARDs. Activated neutrophils release a battery of inflammatory mediators, among, them proteolytic enzymes, oxygen free radicals (superoxide radicals, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl
The cause of pulmonary edema in ARDs is the result of increased:
Ans: Capillary permeability
Exp: Increased capillary permeability, a hallmark of ARDS, allows fluids, proteins, and blood cells to leak from the capillary bed into the pulmonary interstitium and alveoli. The resulting pulmonary edema and hemorrhage severe
In ARDS, alveoli and respiratory bronchioles fill with fluid as a result of the:
Ans: Inactivation of surfactant and the impairment of type II alveolar cells.
Exp: Lung inflammation and injury damages the alveolar epithelium and the vascular endothelium. Surfactant is inactivated and its production by type II alveolar cells is impaire
Which immunoglobulin may contribute to the pathophysiology of asthma?
Ans: IgE
Exp: Asthma is a familial disorder, and more than 100 genes have been identified that may play a role in the susceptibility and pathogenesis of asthma, including those that influence the production of interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, and IL-13; IgE; e
Which inflammatory mediators are produced in asthma?
Ans: Histamine, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes.
Exp: A large number of inflammatory mediators, such as histamine, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes are produces by asthma.
Clinical manifestations of inspiratory and expiratory wheezing, dsypnea, and nonproductive cough, and tachypnea are indicative of:
Ans: Asthma
Exp: At the beginning of an attach, the individual experiences chest constriction, expiratory wheezing, dyspnea, nonproductive coughing, prolonged expiration, tachycardia, ad tachypnea. Severe attacks involve the use of accessory muscles of re
The most successful treatment for chronic asthma beings with:
Ans: Elimination of the causative agent
Exp: Chronic management of asthma beings with avoidance of allergens and other triggers.
Clinical manifestation of decreased exercise tolerance, wheezing, shortness of breath, and productive cough are indicative of:
Ans: chronic bronchitis
Exp: The symptoms that lead individuals with chronic bronchitis to seek medical care include decreased exercise tolerance, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Individuals usually have a productive cough (smoker's fought)
Clinical manifestations that include unexplained weigh loss, dsypnea on exertion, use of accessory muscles, and tachypnea with prolonged expiration are indicative of:
Ans: Emphysema
Exp: Individuals with emphysema usually have dyspnea on exertion that later progresses to marked dyspnea, even at rest. Little coughing and very little sputum are produced. The individual often is thin, has tachypnea with prolonged expirati
The progression of chronic bronchitis is halted.
Ans: Smoking cessation
Exp: By the the time an individual seeks medical care for symptoms, considerable airway damage is present. If the individuals stops smoking, disease progression can be halted. If smoking is stopped before symptom occur, the risk of