What happens during a type I hypersensitivity reaction? Indicated responses to major mediators.
Ans: IgE antibodies (from previous sensitization) attached to mast cells. The allergen should have two antigenic determinants to interact with two IgE-Fc eceptor complexes. This interaction results in the degranulation of the mast cells, thus releasing pr
Analyze the difference between the antigen-antibody reaction in a type II hypersensitivity reaction and a type III hypersensitivity reaction. Give an example of each type of reaction.
Ans: Type Hypersensitivity reaction is also known as tissue-specific, cytotoxic or cyolytic hypersensitivity reaction. It is characterized by antibodies that attack antigens on the surface of specific cells or tissues. The reaction is organ specific. This
Explain how vaccines work.
Ans: Vaccines prevent disease by inducing a primary and secondary immune response under conditions that will not result in disease. Vaccines exist to prevent certain viral and bacterial infections. Viral vaccines usually contain attenuated lives viruses,
Mr. Jones was attending a family birthday party and ate some delicious casserole during the picnic. He is allergic to shellfish but was not told by the host that the casserole did not contain any seafood. All of a sudden he started having abdominal cramps
Ans: Anaphylaxis occurs when a hypersensitivity reaction is extremely severe. It happens within minutes of the reexposure to the antigen. In this case it would be considered systemic anaphylaxis. Unless treated quickly it can result in death.
What is the safest way to test for a particular allergen?
Ans: The safest ways to test for an allergen is either as an injection, intradermally, or as a skin test. Giving small amounts of a food allergen is considered dangerous if the person has a history of an anaphylactic response. Skin tests are contraindicat
Explain the treatments available for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
Ans: Unfortunately there is no cure for SLE- the goal should be to control the symptoms and to prevent further damage. Treatment includes nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, immunosuppresive drugs, and protection from sunlight.
Hypersensitivity is best defined as a(n):
Ans: Altered immunologic response to an antigen that results in disease.
Exp: Hypersensitivity is an altered immunologic response to an antigen that results in disease or damage to the host.
The hypersensitivity reaction that occurs after a person who is allergic to bee stings is stung by a bee is called:
Ans: Anaphylaxis
Exp: Examples of systemic anaphylaxis are allergic reactions to bee stings, peanuts, and fish.
Common hay fever allergy is expressed through a reaction that is mediated by:
Ans: IgE
Exp: Type I reactions are mediated by antigen-specific IgE and the products of tissue mast cells. Most common allergies (e.g., pollen allergies) are type I reactions. In addition, most type I reactions occur against environmental antigens and are
Te class of antibody involved in type I hypersensitivity reaction is:
Ans: IgE
Exp: Type I reactiosn are mediated by antigen-specific IgE and the products of tissue mast cells
Blood transfusion reactions are an example of:
Ans: Alloimmunity
Exp: Alloimmunity (also termed isoimmunity) occurs when the immune system of one individual produces an immunologic reaction against tissues of another individual.
Durin an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, which leukocyte is activated?
Ans: Eosinophils
Exp: Another important activity of histamine is enhancement of the chemotactic activity of other factors, such as eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A), which attracts eosinophils into sites of allergic inflammatory reactio
During an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, what causes bronchospasm?
Ans: Smooth muscle contraction caused by histamine bound to H1 receptors
Exp: Acting through the H1 receptors, histamine contracts bronchial smooth muscles, causing bronchial constriction; increases vascular permeability, causing edema; and causes vasodil
What is a characteristic of atopic individuals who are genetically predisposed to develop allergies?
Ans: They produce greater quantities of IgE than other individuals.
Exp: Atopic individuals tend to produce higher quantities of IgE and to have more Fc receptors for IgE on their mast cells.
What is the mechanism in type II hypersensitivity reactions?
Ans: Antibodies bind to the antigens on the cell surface
Exp: All of these mechanisms begin with antibody binding to tissue specific antigens or antigens that have attached to particular tissues. First, the cell can be destroyed by antibody (IgG or IgM) a
In type II hypersensitivity reaction, when antibodies are formed against red blood cell antigens of the Rh system, the blood vessels are destroyed by:
Ans: Phagocytosis in the spleen
Exp: Antibodies against platelet-specific antigens or against red blood cell antigens of the Rh system coat those cells at low density, resulting in their preferential removal by phagocytosis in the spleen, rather than by c
In a type II hypersensitivity reaction, when soluble antigens from infectious agents enter circulation, tissue damage is a result of:
Ans: Neutrophil granules and toxic oxygen products
Exp: The components of neutrophil granules, as well as the several toxic oxygen products produced by these cells, damage the tissue
What is the mechanism in type III hypersensitivity reactions?
Ans: Antibodies bind to soluble antigens that were released into body fluids and the immune complexes are deposited in the tissues.
Exp: Most type III hypersensitivity diseases are caused by antigen-antibody (immune) complexes that are formed in the circu
What is the mechanism in type IV hypersensitivity reactions?
Ans: Cytotoxic T lymphocytes or lymphokine-producing Th1 cells attack and destroy cellular targets directly.
Exp: Whereas types I,II, and III hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by antibody, type IV reactions are mediated by T lymphocytes and do not i